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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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host defense (name the 3)
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barriers, cells, chemicals
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what are the two types of immunity?
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Innate and Aquired
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what are the 3 functions of the immune system?
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1) surveys body
2) destroys foreign objects 3) remember information |
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Aquired Immunity:
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aka adaptive; SPECIFIC.
* must first see the infection to respond to it |
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Innate Immunity:
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born with it. NON-SPECIFIC.
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Barriers (first line of defense barriers)
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-block invasion at point of entry
-most are non-specific -skin, mucous membranes (stratum corneum) |
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other examples of Barrier defences:
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-mucous membranes (makes it difficult for attachment)
-respiratory tract -genitourinary tract -skin -lacrimation: tears to wash eye |
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lacrimation:
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tears to wash eye
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Chemical Defences:
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(these are innate)
-sebaceous secretions -meibomain glands: tear ducts -lysozyme -sweat -semen -vagina |
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lysozyme:
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digestive organelles in eye that destroy pathogens
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meibomian glands
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tear ducts
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Genetic Defences:
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-pathogen specificity
-zoonotic infectious agents |
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pathogen specificity:
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host can onl be infected by a certain type of pathogen... "humans can't get distemper from cats, and cats can't get mumps from humans"
-viruses are the exception, H1N1 went from birds to humans |
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Zoonotic infectious agents:
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vector-borne illness, living organism that tranmits a disease (humans, mosquitos, rapid dog)
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What is forgein?
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MHC: Major Histocompatibility Complex
-tell by markers: protiens or sugars that allow the immune system to differentiate between foreign bodies and self |
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What are the only cells without MHC?
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RBC
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Blood components:
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-RBC: carry chemical defences
-WBC (many different types) -Plasma |
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antibodies:
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protein made by WBC (specifically the b-cell)
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"Ig" stands for:
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Immunoglobin
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GMADE
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part of Adaptive response
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IgG:
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most abundant! can cross the placenta
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IgM:
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1st made , the first time you see a pathogen
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IgA:
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secreted in mucous membranes
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IgD:
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released in allergic reactions; large parasites
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IgE:
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also in allergic reactions; large parasites
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WBC components:
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granulocytes!
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Neutrophils:
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-come from myloblast
-practice phagocytosis -part of innate defence |
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basophils:
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-come from myeloblast
-innate defence -about .5% of WBC -release chemical mediators |
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Eosinophils:
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-contain peroxidase
-has lysozymes -about .5% of WBC -destroys large pathogens |
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Mast cells
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-important allergic responses, releases histamines
-trigger local imflammatory events -usually less than 20% of WBC |
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Agranulocytes
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b-cells, t-cells, monocytes, macrophage, dendritic cell, natural killer
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B-cells:
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-made in bone marrow
-makes antibodies -adaptive response |
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2 types of b-cells:
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memory and plasma (makes antibodies)
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t-cells:
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-produced in thymus
-helper and killer |
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Helper t-cell:
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(CD4) activates b-cells, and its an adaptive response
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Killer t-cell:
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(CD8) kills infected cells
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Monocytes:
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(type of agranulocyte)
-blood cell, only found in circulatory system |
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what are the 2 monocytes that are found in the tissues?
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macrophages (MAC) and dendritic cells(DC)
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Macrophage
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-largest phagocyte
-antigen processing and presentation -shows immune system what is infecting |
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Dendritic Cell
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-MAJOR antigen processor and presentor
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how do monocytes do what they do?
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engulf (by phagocytosis), destroy (degraded), and present (to immune system)
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Natural Killer
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-only agranulocyte that is innate
-releases chemical mediators to kill infected cells |
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complement cascade:
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series of proteins that lead to lysis of bacterial pathogen. Its an enzymatic cascade; enzymes are pulled from plasma and doesn't stop
-usually goes after bacterial pathogens -parasites -punching holes in the membrane |
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3 complement pathways:
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1 )Classical Complement (all or nothing
2) Mannan - Binding Lectin 3) Alternative |
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which individuals have trouble with the complement cascade?
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people with autoimmune disorders
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Interferons:
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released by infected cells to call in the WBC (macrophages, *dendritic cells, killer t-cell (CD8), b-cells (memory only), and helper t-cell (CD4)
-this controls spread of an infection "white flag" -to kill infected cell |
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF):
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-initially innate cell release to call in adaptive cells
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Interleukins:
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immune modulatory protiens...
"IL" then a number, there are 31 types. |
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Chemokines:
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attractant proteins, cells follow chemokines in a way that is "up the concentration gradient" (areas of low concentration to area of low concentration)
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Cytokines:
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modulate immune response/immune modulatory proteins
*250 different kinds |
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what is the hallmark of innate immunity?
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inflammation
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what is the innate immune system never activated against?
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DNA
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Rubor
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"redness" from increased circulation
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Calor
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"warmth" from increase in blood flow/circulation, also fever
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Tumor
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"swelling" from more cells in the area and more fluid
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Dolar
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"pain" from cytokines and chemokines released, and cells in the area.
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how do you increase circulation?
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you dialate the vessels proximal to the area, and constrict the vessels that are distal.
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how does fever increase?
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Pyrogenic Cytokine/ IL-6. this causes you to have a high fever.
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safe temperature for infants:
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101 degrees F or lower
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safe temp for adults:
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102 degrees F or lower
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Edema:
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plasma in RES
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Purpose of inflammatory response:
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to mobilize/attract, to clear infection, and block spread.
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Steps in Inflammatory response:
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1) Injury: immediate reactions, cytokines and chemokines causing increased circulation
2) Vascular Reactions: leaky vessels, WBC move out 3)Edema and Pus Formation: WBC begin to kill - innate response 4) Resolution and scar formation |
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Causes of inflammation:
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chemical agents, allergens, trauma, pathogens
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Which innate cells practice phagocytosis?
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neutrophils and eosinophils....... MAC and DC, but they can be adaptive
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are there adaptive cells that practive phagocytosis?
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NOPE!!
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Active Transport - ATP
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membrane extensions bring in shit.
-ingestion of foreign bodies by engulfing -lysozyme digest/ destroy the pathogen -extract immunogenic info and presents (MAC, DC) |
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When does adaptive immunity kick in?
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after you've had the infection
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new infections and adaptive immunity:
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take 2 to 3 days to start and then another 2 to 3 days to become active/ start fighting the infection (6 to 7 days total)
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2nd time/ old infections and adaptive immunity:
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only takes 2 to 3 days to activate, because adaptive has memory
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hallmark of adaptive immunity:
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adaptive response working
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Antigen (definition):
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foreign object. -
-more antigenic, proteins, polypeptides, glycoprotiens, lipoprotiens, nucleoprotiens, are types of antigens that immune system responds to |
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factors that make shit more antigenic:
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-size (larger = more antigenic)
-shape |
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Adaptive immunity is SPECIFIC. what does this mean?
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any given t-cell or b-cell can only respond to one infection
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Memory (statistics):
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-90% of t-cells and b-cells go fight the infection
-10% got to memory |
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Immunocompromise:
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means adaptive immune system is not working properly
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hematopoiesis:
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formation of blood cells from a stem cell, in the bone marrow
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where do all 5 steps of b-cell happen?
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all 5 happen in the bone marrow
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what happens if the b-cell leaves the bone marrow before the 5th stage?
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it cannot produce antibodies
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what is a naive b-cell?
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its a mature b-cell that has been released into the blood stream, but has not encountered a pathogen
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when is a b-cell no longer a naive b-cell?
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when it is activated by a helper t-cell (CD4)
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how does a helper t-cell activate a b-cell?
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CD4 releases a cytokine called b-cell growth factor and also another cytokine called IL-4; called Linked Recognition.... now the b-cell is activated
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90% of b-cells become ... ?
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plamsa cells; they make antibodies
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10% of b-cells become ... ?
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memory b-cells
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Where are t-cells made?
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in the bone marrow by hematopoeisis
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where do t-cells go after they are made?
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they go to the thymus where they learn what is self and what is foreign
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What must t-cells do in order to leave the thymus?
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they must attempt to kill non-self and must not attempt to kill self
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what percentage of t-cells make it to the thymus but are then destroyed?
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95%
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what percentage of t-cells are good and are specific to foreign objects and will not kill self?
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5%
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Process of t-cell activation:
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-encounter of antigen presenting cell (MAC or DC) englf, destroy, present
-t-cell binds to macrophage -binding causes macrophage to release interleukin 1 (IL-1) -IL-1 binds to receptor on t-cell -t-cell releases IL-2 -in an autocrine fashion, IL-2 binds to t-cell -this causes mitosis (cell division) |
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which cells have MHC?
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all nucleated cells of the body have MHC.
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classes of antigens (just list them):
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-nucleoproteins
-lipoproteins -proteins & polypeptides -glycoprotiens -size (based on molecular weight) -shape -allosantigen -superantigen -allergens |
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Lipoproteins (class of antigens)
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have fats attached to them
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size (class of antigens)
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the higher the molecular weight, the more antigenic it is
**exception: glycogen is huge, but it is not antigenic |
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shape (class of antigen)
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the shape makes the antigen easier to engulf
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alloantigen (class of antigens)
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markers within the same species
ex: dog particles are more antigenic than human hair, for humans |
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Superantigens (class of antigens)
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these cause a robust immune response, above and beyond other antigens
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Allergens:
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cause and allergic response
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In the first response to an antigen, how long is the lag time?
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7-10 days
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In the second time you see an antigen, how long is the lag time?
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only 1-3 days
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what are CD4's activated by?
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MACROPHAGES. and this activates b-cellto fight the infection
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How does Killer (CD8) kill pathogens?
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1) Peforin: punch hole in cell membrane
2) Granzymes: activates apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
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Naturallly Aquired means ...?
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normal biological process
-theres active and passive |
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Artificially Aquired means ... ?
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medical procedure
-there is active and passive |
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Natural Active:
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immune response to infection (so getting sick)
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Natural Passive:
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antibodies pass from mother to child (so breastfeeding)
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Artificial Active:
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vaccine
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Artificial Passive:
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injection of antibodies to protect them; immunoglobulins
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which responses protect longer: active or passive?
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ACTIVE
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List the innate cells that activate inflammatory response:
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NK, basophils, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils
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What is the hallmark of Adaptive Immunity?
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Memory
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Allergy Response:
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-combination of innate and adaptive
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Hypersensitivity:
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what the allergy resposne is referred to as.
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explain how the allergic response happens:
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-Plasma cell secretes IgE
-IgE binds to FCE receptor on the mast cell -this causes signal mediated exocytosis of histamine -this causes you to sneeze, have hives, swelling of tongue, constricted airways, etc. |
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an important thing to know about allergic reactions:
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you NEVER have an allergic response the 1st time you are exposed to an antigen. Allergies get worse as you get older.
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