Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
365 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are lymph nodes? |
Oval/bean-shaped structures located along lymphatic vessels
|
|
|
What is the function of lymph nodes? |
House immune cells |
|
|
What are inguinal lymph nodes? |
Lymph nodes located in groin area |
|
|
What are axillary lymph nodes? |
Lymph nodes located in the armpit area |
|
|
What are cervical lymph nodes? |
Lymph nodes located in the neck area |
|
|
What is the fibrous capsule (of the lymph node)? |
Dense CT surrounding & extending into lymph nodes |
|
|
What are trabeculae (of lymph node)? |
Partitions that divide lymph nodes into compartments |
|
|
What are the lymphatic nodules? |
Groups of B cells located in outer cortex [look like "meatballs" in the lymph nodes] |
|
|
What are the medullary cords (of lymph node)? |
Lymphatic tissue primarily consisting of macrophages |
|
|
What are the germinal centers (of lymph node)? |
Center of lymphatic nodules where B cells proliferate, but ONLY in response to antigen |
|
|
What is the function of afferent lymphatic vessles? |
Carry lymph INTO lymph nodes |
|
|
What is the function of efferent lymphatic vessels? |
Carry lymph AWAY from lymph nodes |
|
|
What are lymphatic sinuses? |
Passageways for lymph to flow |
|
|
Trace the pathway of lymph through nodal sinuses |
Subcapular sinus --> Trabecular sinus --> Medullary sinus --> Efferent vessels |
|
|
Where is the subcapsular sinus located? |
Passageway under fibrous capsule |
|
|
Where is the trabecular sinus located? |
Passageway near trabeculae of lymph nodes |
|
|
Where is the medullary sinus located? |
Passageway near medulla of lymph nodes |
|
|
What is the function of lymph ducts? |
Return lymph to blood |
|
|
Where is the cisterna chyli located? |
Beginning of thoracic duct |
|
|
What differentiates the cisterna chyli from other lymph vessels? |
It's enlarged |
|
|
What is the function of the cisterna chyli? |
Drains lymphatic GI to transport lipids |
|
|
Approximately how long is the thoracic duct? |
18" |
|
|
What is the function of the thoracic duct? |
Drains lower & upper L of body & lower R of body of lymph |
|
|
Where is the thoracic duct located? |
Entrance into L subclavian vein & juggular |
|
|
Approximately how long is the right lymphatic duct? |
3" |
|
|
What is the function of the right lymphatic duct? |
Drains R upper 1/2 of body of lymph |
|
|
Where is the right lymphatic duct located? |
Entrance into R subclavian vein & juggular |
|
|
What is the function of the lymph capillaries? |
Drains interstitial fluid from systemic capillaries |
|
|
What are the lacteals? |
Lymphatic capillaries of small intestine |
|
|
What is the function of the lacteals? |
Transport lipids & lipid-soluble vitamins (D, E, A, K) |
|
|
What is the mammary plexus? |
Nodes & vessels of the mammary area |
|
|
What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue? |
Spleen |
|
|
What is the function of the spleen? |
Filters blood |
|
|
What is red pulp? |
Blood-filled sinuses of the spleen |
|
|
What is white pulp? |
Lymphatic tissue around a central artery |
|
|
What is white pulp primarily composed of? |
-Lymphocytes |
|
|
What is the thymus? |
Bi-lobed organ b/w sternum & aorta where T cells mature (i.e., acquire immunocompetency) |
|
|
What are the lobules of the thymus? |
Compartments of the thymus separated by trabeculae |
|
|
What does M.A.L.T. stand for? |
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
|
|
What is M.A.L.T.? |
Lymphatic tissue of the tonsils and all tracts that open to the outside of body |
|
|
What are Peyer's patches (in ileum)? |
Lymphatic nodules in lamina propria of mucous membrane |
|
|
What do the tonsils consist of? |
M.A.L.T. |
|
|
How many tonsils are there? |
-2 palatine -2 lingual -1 pharyngeal |
|
|
Where are the palatine tonsils located? |
Posterior region of oral cavity |
|
|
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located? |
Embedded in posterior nasopharynx |
|
|
Where are the lingual tonsils located? |
At base of tongue where the tongue attaches to floor |
|
|
What are the 5 types of leukocytes? |
-Neutrophils -Monocytes -Eosinophils -Basophils -Lymphocytes |
|
|
What types of leukocytes are involved in phagocytosis? |
-Neutrophils -Monocytes (after transforming into fixed/wandering macrophages) |
|
|
What is the general function of lymphocytes? |
Protection against disease, injury, & foreign invaders |
|
|
What is the function of basophils? |
Liberate heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (vasodialator), & sepatonin |
|
|
What is the function of lymphocytes? |
Mediate immune response (antigen/antibody reactions) |
|
|
What are the types of lymphocytes? |
-B cells -T cells -Natural killer (NK) cells |
|
|
What is the function of B cells? |
Develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies |
|
|
What is the function of T cells? |
Attack invading viruses, cancer cells, & transplant cells |
|
|
What is the function of NK cells? |
Attack a wide variety of infectious microbes & certain spontaneously arising tumor cells |
|
|
What is lymph? |
Clear or milky white fluid found in lymphatic vessels |
|
|
What is chyle? |
Lymph draining from sm. intestine that is milky white due to presence of dietary lipids |
|
|
Trace the flow of lymph? |
Interstitial fluid --> Afferent lymphatic vessels --> Regional lymph nodes --> Efferent lymphatic vessels --> R/L lymphatic duct --> Venous blood (via subclavian veins) |
|
|
What are means by which lymph is moved? |
-Skeletal muscle pump -Respiratory pump -Pressure in interstitial space -One-way valves |
|
|
What is the immune system's 1st line of defense? |
-Skin -Mucous membranes |
|
|
What is the immune system's 2nd line of defense? |
-Antimicrobial substances (interferons, complement systems, iron-binding proteins, antimicrobial protein) -NK cells -Phagocytes |
|
|
What are internal lines of defense? |
-NK cells -Phagocytes -Inflammation -Fever |
|
|
What structures release interferon? |
-Lymphocytes -Macrophages -Fibroblasts |
|
|
What is the function of interferon? |
Used to prevent viral replication |
|
|
What is interleuken-I? |
Regulatory & inflammatory cytokines |
|
|
What is interleuken-II? |
Cytokine signalling molecule that regulates WBCs |
|
|
Characteristics of inflammation? |
-Redness -Heat -Swelling -Pain |
|
|
What is inflammation?
|
Body's immediate response to injury/infection involving influx of plasma & immune cells to localized area |
|
|
What are the functions of inflammation? |
-Dispose of microbes/foreign material -Dilute toxins -Prepare for healing |
|
|
Stages of inflammation? |
1) Vasodilation 2) Emigration -Pus 3) Tissue repair -Depends on tissue damaged |
|
|
What is the function of prostaglandins? |
May stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls |
|
|
What are the functions of leukotriene? |
-Causes increased permeability -Functions in adherence of phagocytes to pathogens -Chemotactic agent that attracts phagocytes |
|
|
What is chemotaxis? |
Movement of phagocytes to site of damage |
|
|
What is pus? |
Accumulation of dead phagocytes & damaged tissue |
|
|
What is the nasal cavity? |
Space w/in internal nose |
|
|
What are the functions of the nasal cavity? |
Warms, humidifies, and cleans air |
|
|
What are the external nares? |
Openings in the nasal cavity (nostrils) |
|
|
What is the vestibule (of nasal cavity)? |
Anterior portion of nasal cavity (just inside external nares) containing: -Sweat glands -Sebaceous glands -Hair |
|
|
What is the nasal septum? |
Partition between 2 nasal passages |
|
|
What forms the nasal septum? |
--Vomer --Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone) |
|
|
What are the functions of the nasal concha & meatuses? |
--Increase surface area in internal nose --Disrupt air flow |
|
|
What are the functions of the internal nares? |
Serve as filter, keeping particles from making it into trachea & lungs |
|
|
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? |
--Decrease weight of skull --Resonate voice --Buffer against blow to face --Prevent rapid temp. changes --Humidify & heat inhaled air |
|
|
What is the function of the nasolacrimal ducts? |
Transmit tears from lacrimal duct to inferior meatus in nasal cavity |
|
|
What is the olfactory epithelium? |
Specialized epithelial tissue involved in smell (neurons, support cells, & mucus) |
|
|
What is the pharynx? |
the "throat," connecting nasal & oral cavities to larynx |
|
|
What is the function of the Eustachian tubes? |
Equalize pressure & drain middle ear |
|
|
What do the Eustachian tubes connect? |
Middle ear to pharynx |
|
|
What is another name for the adenoids? |
Pharyngeal tonsil |
|
|
What do the adenoids consist of? |
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (M.A.L.T.) |
|
|
What is the function of the soft palate? |
Close off nasal passages & airways during swallowing & speech |
|
|
What are the functions of the uvula? |
--Prevents food from entering trachea during swallowing --Speech (in some cultures) |
|
|
What is the oropharynx? |
Common passageway for air & food/drink |
|
|
What is the fauces? |
Cavity @ back of mouth leading to pharynx
|
|
|
What are the palatine tonsils? |
Visible tonsils on L & R sides |
|
|
What is the function of the palatine tonsils? |
Help filter inspired air |
|
|
Where are lingual tonsils located? |
Posterior base of tongue |
|
|
What are the divisions of the pharynx? |
--Nasopharynx --Oropharynx --Laryngopharynx |
|
|
What is the larynx? |
Voice box; encloses vocal cords |
|
|
What is the thyroid cartilage? |
Largest, anterior laryngeal cartilage |
|
|
What is the function of thyroid cartilage? |
Protect vocal cords |
|
|
What is the Adam's apple called? |
The laryngeal prominence |
|
|
What is the laryngeal prominence? |
The bump @ thyroid cartilage where 2 plates meet |
|
|
What is the special feature of the cricoid cartilage? |
Only completely fused cartilage |
|
|
What is the function of the cricoid cartchilage? |
Attachment for muscles & ligaments |
|
|
What is the function of the epiglottis? |
Covers glottis when swallowing |
|
|
What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages? |
Adjust the tension of the true vocal cords |
|
|
What is the cuneiform cartilage? |
Club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages |
|
|
What is the function of the cuneiform cartilage? |
Support vocal folds & lateral aspects of epiglottis |
|
|
What is the corniculate cartilage? |
Horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located at apex of ea. artenoid cartilage |
|
|
What is the function of the corniculate cartilage? |
Supports epiglottis |
|
|
What is a mucous membrane? |
Membrane that lines a body cavity that opens to the exterior (AKA - mucosa) |
|
|
What is another name for the ventricular folds? |
False vocal cords |
|
|
What are the functions of the ventricular folds? |
--Close off to increase thoracic pressure --Protection from choking |
|
|
What is the vestibule (of the larynx)? |
Space underneath epiglottis laryngopharynx |
|
|
What are the aryepiglottic folds? |
Sides of epiglottis |
|
|
What is the ventricle (of the larynx)? |
A lateral expansion of the middle portion of the laryngeal cavity |
|
|
What are the true vocal cords? |
Pair of folds in inferior portion of mucous membrane of larynx |
|
|
What is the function of true vocal cords? |
Vibrate to produce sound |
|
|
What is the glottis? |
Opening @ upper part of larynx between vocal cords |
|
|
What is the trachea? |
Tubular passageway for air |
|
|
What are the dimensions of the trachea? |
12 cm long |
|
|
What is the carina? |
Internal ridge that divides R & L primary bronchi |
|
|
What reflex is located at the carina? |
The cough reflex |
|
|
What type of tissue does the trachealis muscle consist of? |
Smooth muscle tissue |
|
|
What is the function of the bronchial tree? |
Conducts air breathed in through nasal cavity down to alveoli |
|
|
What is the function of the primary bronchii? |
Conducts air into/out of ea. lung |
|
|
What are the secondary bronchii? |
Airway that conducts air into a specific lobe of lung |
|
|
What are the lobes of the R lung? |
-Superior -Middle -Inferior |
|
|
What are the lobes of the L lung? |
-Superior -Inferior |
|
|
What is the function of the tertiary bronchii? |
Conduct air to/from bronchiopulmonary segment |
|
|
What are bronchioles? |
Air conducting ducts that supply each pulmonary lobe |
|
|
What tissue do bronchioles consist of? |
Cilliated simple columnar tissue |
|
|
What are the terminal bronchioles? |
Smallest air conducting ducts that supply pulmonary acini |
|
|
What tissue do terminal bronchioles consist of? |
Non-cilliated simple cuboidal epithelial tissue |
|
|
What are respiratory bronchioles? |
Transitional zone concerned with air conduction & gas exchange b/w air & blood |
|
|
What tissue do respiratory bronchioles consist of? |
Simple cuboidal epitheleal tissue to simple squamous epithelial tissue |
|
|
What are alveolar ducts? |
Branch of respiratory bronchiole around which alveoli & alveolar sacs are arranged |
|
|
What are alveolar sacs? |
2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening |
|
|
What are alveoli? |
Cup-shaped pouch lined supported by elastic basement membrane |
|
|
What tissue do alveoli consist of? |
Simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
What is the function of the respiratory membrane? |
Gas exchange |
|
|
What are the lungs? |
Main organs of respiration |
|
|
What is the apex (of the lung)? |
Narrow superior portion of lung |
|
|
What is the base (of the lung)? |
Broad inferior portion of lung that fits over the diaphragm |
|
|
What is the hilus (of the lungs)? |
Where bronchi, nerves, pulmonary blood vessels, & lymphatic vessels enter & exit lungs |
|
|
What is the costal surface (of the lungs)? |
Surface of lungs @ the ribs |
|
|
What is the cardiac notch? |
Medial concavity the L lung has to accommodate the heart |
|
|
What is the mediastinum? |
Area of thoracic cavity between plurae of lungs that extends from sternum to vertebral column |
|
|
What is the function of pulmonary arteries? |
Carries oxygen-poor blood from pulmonary trunk to R & L lungs |
|
|
What is the function of pulmonary veins? |
Returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart from the lungs by draining into L atrium |
|
|
What are pulmonary capillaries? |
Gas exchange vessels in lungs |
|
|
What is the pleura? |
Serous membrane that covers lungs & lines wall of thoracic cavity & diaphragm |
|
|
What is the visceral pleura? |
Deep layer of serous membrane that covers the lungs themselves |
|
|
What is the parietal pleura? |
Superficial layer of serous membrane that lines the walls of thoracic cavity |
|
|
What is the diaphragm? |
Dome-shaped skeletal muscle between thoracic cavity & abdominal cavity |
|
|
What are the muscles used for inhalation? |
--Diaphragm --External intercostals |
|
|
What are the muscles used for forced expiration? |
--Abdominal muscles --Internal intercostals |
|
|
What muscles are used for forced inhalation? |
--Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) --Scalenes --Pectoralis minor |
|
|
What are carotid bodies? |
Clusters of chemoreceptors on/near carotid sinus that respond to changes in blood levels of O2, CO2, & H+ |
|
|
What are aortic bodies? |
Clusters of chemoreceptors on/near aortic arch that respond to changes in blood levels of O2, CO2, & H+ |
|
|
What marks the beginning of the respiratory zone? |
1st alveolus |
|
|
What differentiates bronchi from bronchioles? |
Bronchi have cartilage |
|
|
What cells are the basis of antibody mediated immunity? |
B lymphocytes (AKA - B cells) |
|
|
What cells are the basis of cell mediated immunity? |
T lymphocytes (AKA - T cells)
|
|
|
List the circulation pathway of lymph (peripheral to central) |
1. Interstitial fluid 2. Lymphatic capillaries 3. Afferent lymphatic vessels 4. Lymph nodes 5. Efferent lymphatic vessels 6. Lymphatic trunks 7. Lymphatic ducts 8. Junction of internal jugular & subclavian veins |
|
|
What are the 2 lymphatic ducts & what parts of the body do they drain? |
--Right lymphatic duct (drains upper right quarter of body) --Thoracic duct (drains all other three quarters of body) |
|
|
What are the primary lymphatic organs? |
--Red bone marrow --Thymus |
|
|
What are the secondary lymphatic organs (& tissue) |
--Lymph nodes --Spleen --Lymphatic nodules |
|
|
Describe the flow of lymph through lymph nodes |
1. Afferent vessels 2. Subcapsular sinus 3. Trabecular sinus 4. Medullary sinus 5. Hilum 6. Efferent vessels |
|
|
What does the outter cortex of a lymph node contain? |
B cells |
|
|
What does the inner cortex of a lymph node contain? |
--T cells --Dendritic cells |
|
|
What does the medulla of a lymph node contain? |
Macrophages |
|
|
What is an immunocompetent cell? |
A cell capable of mounting an immune response |
|
|
What are the regional lymph node groups? |
--Submandibular --Cervical --Mediastinal --Axillary --Inguinal |
|
|
What is white pulp? |
Lymphatic tissue of spleen where lymphocytes & macrophages carry out immune function |
|
|
What is red pulp? |
Blood-filled sinuses of spleen where platelets are stored & old RBCs are destroyed |
|
|
Where are interferons (INFs) produced? |
In virus infected... --Lymphocytes --Macrophages --Fibroblasts |
|
|
What is the complement system? |
Proteins in blood plasma that "complement" or enhance certain immune functions when activated |
|
|
What are some of the actions of the complement system? |
--Cytolysis of microbes --Phagocytosis promotion --Inflammation |
|
|
What are contained in the granules released by NK cells? |
Perforin --or-- Granzymes |
|
|
How do perforins affect target cells? |
Perforates target cell's membrane, causing cytolysis |
|
|
How do granzymes affect target cells? |
Induce target cell to undergo apoptosis |
|
|
What are the stages of phagocytosis? |
1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion 5. Killing |
|
|
What are the stages of inflammatory response? |
1. Vasodilation & increased blood vessel permeability 2. Emigration of phagocytes 3. Tissue repair |
|
|
What are the characteristic signs of inflammation & their causes? |
--Heat (vasodilation) --Redness (vasodilation) --Swelling (vasodilation) --Pain (injury to neurons, prostaglandins &/or kinins, & increased pressure due to vasodilation) |
|
|
What is a cytokine? |
A substance released by an immune system cell that have an effect on other cells, such as... --Interferon --Interleukin --Growth factors |
|
|
What is pus? |
A mass of dead phagocytes & damaged tissue |
|
|
What are the functions of Interleukin-I (IL-1)? |
--Mediate inflammation --Induce fever |
|
|
What is the function of a mast cell? |
Release histamine & other substances during inflammatory & allergic responses |
|
|
What is inflammation? |
Non-specific defensive response to tissue damage |
|
|
What is the function of histamine? |
--Cause vasodilation --Increase permeability of cells |
|
|
What are the functions of prostaglandins (PGs)? |
--Intensify effects of histamine & kinins --Stimulate emigration of phagocytes thru capillary walls |
|
|
What properties distinguish innate from adaptive immunity? |
--Specificity --Memory |
|
|
Types of adaptive immunity? |
--Cell-mediated immunity --Antigen-mediated immunity |
|
|
What is cell-mediated immunity most effective against? |
--Intracellular pathogens --Some cancer cells --Foreign tissue transplants |
|
|
What is antigen-mediated immunity most effective against? |
Extracellular pathogens, including... --Viruses --Bacteria --Fungi |
|
|
What is clonal selection? |
The process by which lymphocyte proliferates & differentiates in response to a specific antigen |
|
|
What is an epitope? |
Specific marker on surface of antigen that IDs the antigen as "foreign" |
|
|
How is the body able to ID epitopes not encountered before? |
Genetic recombination |
|
|
What are the stages of respiration? |
--Pulmonary ventilation (@ alveoli) --External respiration (@ pulmonary capillaries) --Internal respiration (@ systemic capillaries & body tissues) |
|
|
What is the function of the conducting zone? |
Bring air into lungs |
|
|
What passageways make up the conducting zone? |
--Nose --Mouth --Pharynx --Larynx --Trachea --Bronchi --Bronchioles --Terminal bronchioles |
|
|
What is the function of the respiratory zone? |
Main site of gas exchange |
|
|
What are the passageways associated with the respiratory zone? |
--Respiratory bronchioles --Alveolar ducts --Alveolar sacs --Alveoli |
|
|
What is Henry's Law as it relates to partial pressure? |
Increasing the partial pressure of a gas "over" a solution will result in more of that gas dissolving into the solution |
|
|
What is Dalton's Law as it relates to partial pressure? |
With regards to a mixture of gases, the pressure of each gas in a mixture is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture |
|
|
What is a pneumothorax? |
When pleural cavity fills with air, possibly causing lung to collapse |
|
|
What is pleural effusion? |
Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity caused by inflammation |
|
|
What are the components of a pulmonary lobule? |
--Elastic connective tissue (CT) --Branch from a terminal bronchiole --Respiratory bronchiole --Alveoli --Lymphatic vessel --Arteriole --Venule |
|
|
What is the function of elastic CT fibers surrounding lungs? |
Allow the lung to expand to take in air & then retract to express air from lungs during passive expiration |
|
|
What is surfactant? |
Fluid that lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid (so alveoli don't collapse in on themselves) |
|
|
What is emphysema? |
When inner walls of air sacs weaken & eventually rupture resulting in 1 lg. airspace instead of many sm. spaces (Decreased surface area = Less effective respiration) |
|
|
What is neonatal KDS? |
Lack of surfactants produced in preemies resulting in more labored breathing (Less surfactants = More work required to overcome surface tension) |
|
|
What is Tidal Volume? |
Volume of air in-/expired during normal, quiet breathing (abt. 500 mL) |
|
|
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)? |
Volume of air inspired during very deep inhalation (abt. 3100 mL, depending on height & gender) |
|
|
What is Vital Capacity? |
Inspiratory reserve + Expiratory reserve (abt. 4800 mL) |
|
|
What is Residual Volume (RV)? |
Air still present in lungs after a forced exhalation (abt. 1200 mL) |
|
|
What is Total Lung Capacity? |
Vital capacity + Residual capacity |
|
|
What is Minute Ventilation (MV) & how is it calculated? |
Total amt. of air inhaled & exhaled in 1 min. MV = respiratory rate x tidal volume |
|
|
What is Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR) & how is it calculated? |
Volume of air per min. that actually reaches alveoli AVR = respiratory rate x (tidal volume - dead space) |
|
|
Neutrophil |
|
|
What is the function of a neutrophil? |
Phagocytosis |
|
|
Basophil |
|
|
What is the function of a basophil? |
Release chemicals during allergic response or inflammation |
|
|
Eosinophil |
|
|
What is the function of eosinophils? |
--Break down histamine (via histaminase) --Fight parasites |
|
|
Monocyte |
|
|
What is the function of a monocyte? |
Phagocytosis |
|
|
What cells do macrophages develop from? |
Monocytes |
|
|
Lymphocyte |
|
What are the structures in green?
|
Lymphatic capillaries
|
|
|
Lymph node |
|
|
Afferent lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Efferent lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Inguinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Axillary lymph nodes |
|
|
Cervical lymph nodes |
|
|
Fibrous capsule |
|
|
Trabeculae |
|
|
Lymphtatic nodules (generally) -or- Cortical nodules (specifically in lymph nodes) |
|
|
Medullary cord |
|
|
Germinal center |
|
|
Afferent lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Efferent lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Medullary sinus |
|
|
Subcapsular sinus |
|
|
Trabecular sinus |
|
|
Medullary sinus |
|
|
Cisterna chyli |
|
|
Chyle |
|
|
Cisterna chyli |
|
|
Thoracic duct |
|
|
What is the function of the thoracic duct? |
Transport lipids & lipid soluble vitamins (D, E, A, & K) to blood |
|
|
Right lymphatic duct |
|
|
Mammary plexus |
|
|
Spleen |
|
|
Thymus |
|
|
Palatine tonsil |
|
|
M.A.L.T. |
|
|
Pharyngeal tonsils -or- Adenoids |
|
|
M.A.L.T. |
|
|
Lingual tonsils |
|
|
M.A.L.T. |
|
|
Trabeculae in trabecular sinus |
|
|
Lymphatic nodule |
|
|
Germinal center |
|
|
B cells (in response to antigen) |
|
|
Spleen |
|
|
White pulp |
|
|
Central artery |
|
|
Red pulp |
|
|
Trabecular sinus |
|
|
Subcapsular sinus |
|
|
Nasal cavity |
|
|
Vestibule |
|
|
Nasal septum |
|
|
Superior nasal concha |
|
|
Middle nasal concha |
|
|
Inferior nasal concha |
|
|
Inferior nasal meatus |
|
|
Middle nasal meatus |
|
|
Superior nasal meatus |
|
|
Internal nares |
|
|
Internal nares |
|
|
Frontal sinus |
|
|
(Opening to) frontal sinus |
|
|
Sphenoid sinus |
|
|
(Opening to) sphenoid sinus |
|
|
(Opening to) ethmoid sinus |
|
|
(Opening to) maxillary sinus |
|
|
(Opening of) nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
Laryngopharynx |
|
|
Nasopharynx |
|
|
Oropharynx |
|
|
Nasopharynx |
|
|
Eustachian tube |
|
|
Pharyngeal tonsils -or- Adenoids |
|
|
Soft palate |
|
|
Uvula |
|
|
Uvula |
|
|
Oropharynx |
|
|
Fauces |
|
|
Palatine tonsils |
|
|
Lingual tonsils |
|
|
Laryngopharynx |
|
|
Larynx |
|
|
True vocal cords |
|
|
Thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Laryngeal prominence -or- Adam's apple |
|
What is this structure? |
Cricoid cartilage |
|
What is this structure? |
Cricoid cartilage |
|
|
Cricoid cartilage |
|
|
Epiglottis |
|
|
Arytenoid cartilage |
|
|
Arytenoid cartilage |
|
|
Cuneiform cartilage |
|
|
Cuneiform cartilage |
|
|
Corniculate cartilage |
|
|
Corniculate cartilage |
|
|
Corniculate cartilage |
|
|
Ventricular folds -or- False vocal cords |
|
|
Vestibule |
|
|
Aryepiglottic fold |
|
|
Aryepiglottic folds |
|
|
Ventricle |
|
|
Glottis |
|
|
Hilus |
|
|
Cardiac notch (L lung only) |
|
|
Superior lobes |
|
|
Inferior lobes |
|
|
Middle lobe (R lung only) |
|
|
Oblique fissure |
|
|
Horizontal fissure (R lung only) |
|
|
Mediastinum |
|
|
Trachea |
|
|
Carina |
|
|
L primary bronchus |
|
|
R primary bronchus |
|
|
R superior secondary bronchus |
|
|
R middle secondary bronchus |
|
|
R inferior secondary bronchus |
|
|
L superior secondary bronchus |
|
|
L inferior secondary bronchus |
|
|
Tertiary bronchi |
|
|
Alveolus |
|
|
Respiratory bronchiole |
|
|
Alveolar duct |
|
|
Alveolar sac |
|
|
Alveolar sac |
|
|
Respiratory membrane |
|
|
Pleural cavity |
|
What condition is this? |
Pleural effusion, excessive fluid in the pleural cavity |
|
What condition is this? |
Pneumothorax, air in the pleural cavity |
|
|
Diaphragm |
|
|
External intercostal muscles |
|
|
Internal intercostal muscles |
|
|
Sternocleidomastoid muscles |
|
|
Scalene muscles |
|
|
Chemoreceptors (peripheral) |
|
|
Carotid bodies |
|
|
Aortic body |
|
|
Medulla oblongata |
|
|
Chemoreceptors (central) |
|
|
Alveolar duct |
