Ap World History Vocab

Front 1

The theory of relativity

Back 1

a theory, formulated essentially by Albert Einstein, that all motion must be defined relative to a frame of reference and that space and time are relative, rather than absolute concepts: it consists of two principal parts.

Front 2

Quantum mechanics

Back 2

a theory of the mechanics of atoms, molecules, and other physical systems that are subject to the uncertainty principle

Front 3

Big Bang Theory

Back 3

a theory that deduces a cataclysmic birth of the universe (big bang) from the observed expansion of the universe, cosmic background radiation, abundance of the elements, and the laws of physics.

Front 4

Psychology

Back 4

the scientific study of all forms of human and animal behaviour, sometimes concerned with the methods through which behaviour can be modified

Front 5

Polio vaccine

Back 5

a vaccine administered to induce specific active immunity to poliomyelitis.

Front 6

Antibiotics

Back 6

any of a large group of chemical substances, as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms, used chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Front 7

Malaria

Back 7

any of a group of diseases, usually intermittent or remittent, characterized by attacks of chills, fever, and sweating: formerly supposed to be due to swamp exhalations but now known to be caused by a parasitic protozoan, which is transferred to the human bloodstream by a mosquito of the genus Anopheles and which occupies and destroys red blood cells.

Front 8

Tuberculosis

Back 8

an infectious disease that may affect almost any tissue of the body, especially the lungs, caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and characterized by tubercles.

Front 9

Cholera

Back 9

an acute, infectious disease, endemic in India and China and occasionally epidemic elsewhere, characterized by profuse diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, etc.

Front 10

1918 influenza pandemic

Back 10

The 1918 flu pandemic (the Spanish Flu) was an influenza pandemic that spread widely across the world

Front 11

Ebola

Back 11

A highly lethal virus that causes massive internal hemorrhaging. It is thought that the virus originated in central Africa and was passed to humans from primates.

Front 12

Diabetes

Back 12

A disorder of the metabolism causing excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of urine

Front 13

Alzheimer’s disease

Back 13

The most common form of dementia, there is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death.

Front 14

Atomic bomb

Back 14

a bomb whose potency is derived from nuclear fission of atoms of fissionable material with the consequent conversion of part of their mass into energy.

Front 15

Trench warfare

Back 15

combat in which each side occupies a system of protective trenches.

Front 16

Firebombing

Back 16

an explosive device with incendiary effects.

Front 17

Nanjing

Back 17

a port in and the capital of Jiangsu province, in E China, on the Chang Jiang: a former capital of China.

Front 18

Dresden

Back 18

the capital of Saxony in E Germany, on the Elbe River.

Front 19

Hiroshima

Back 19

a seaport on SW Honshu, in SW Japan: first military use of atomic bomb August 6, 1945.

Front 20

Mohandas Gandhi

Back 20

1869–1948, Hindu religious leader, nationalist, and social reformer.

Front 21

Mo Chi Minh

Back 21

a Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader

Front 22

Kwame Nkrumah

Back 22

1909–72, president of Ghana 1960–66.

Front 23

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Back 23

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a lawyer and politician who fought for the cause of India's independence from Britain, then moved on to found a Muslim state in Pakistan in 1947.

Front 24

Communism

Back 24

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Front 25

Pan-Arabism

Back 25

the idea or advocacy of a political alliance or union of all the Arab nations.

Front 26

Pan-Africanism

Back 26

the idea or advocacy of a political alliance or union of all the African nations.

Front 27

Zionist settlement

Back 27

numerous grassroots groups promoting the national resettlement of the Jews in what was termed their "ancestral homeland", as well as the revitalization and cultivation of Hebrew

Front 28

Armenia, Cambodia, and Rwanda (ethnic violence),

Back 28

Genocides that have happened in the specific countries around the world, each genocide killing millions in the process.

Front 29

Military conscription

Back 29

Military Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in military service

Front 30

Great Depression

Back 30

the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Front 31

NATO

Back 31

an organization formed in Washington, D.C. (1949), comprising the 12 nations of the Atlantic Pact together with Greece, Turkey, and the Federal Republic of Germany, for the purpose of collective defense against aggression.

Front 32

Warsaw Pact

Back 32

an organization formed in Warsaw, Poland (1955), comprising Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the U.S.S.R., for collective defense under a joint military command.

Front 33

IRA

Back 33

a retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement; taxes on the interest earned in the account are deferred

Front 34

ETA

Back 34

a terrorist organization organized in 1959 by student activists who were dissatisfied with the moderate nationalism of the traditional Basque party; want to create an independent homeland in Spain's western Pyrenees

Front 35

Fundamentalism

Back 35

a movement in American Protestantism that arose in the early part of the 20th century in reaction to modernism and that stresses the infallibility of the Bible not only in matters of faith and morals but also as a literal historical record, holding as essential to Christian faith belief in such doctrines as the creation of the world, the virgin birth, physical resurrection, atonement by the sacrificial death of Christ, and the Second Coming.

Front 36

Globalization

Back 36

worldwide integration and development

Front 37

jihad

Back 37

the personal struggle of the individual believer against evil and persecution

Front 38

Al-Qaeda

Back 38

a radical Sunni Muslim organization dedicated to the elimination of a Western presence in Arab countries and militantly opposed to Western foreign policy: founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988.

Front 39

Dada

Back 39

the style and techniques of a group of artists, writers, etc., of the early 20th century who exploited accidental and incongruous effects in their work and who programmatically challenged established canons of art, thought, morality, etc.

Front 40

Socialist Realism

Back 40

a state-approved artistic or literary style in some socialist countries, as the U.S.S.R., that characteristically celebrates an idealized vision of the life and industriousness of the workers.

Front 41

Five Years Plan

Back 41

a series of nation-wide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union. The plans were developed by a state planning committee based on the Theory of Productive Forces that was part of the general guidelines of the Communist Party for economic development.

Front 42

New Deal

Back 42

the principles of the progressive wing of the Democratic party, especially those advocated under the leadership of President Franklin D. Roosevelt for economic recovery and social reforms.

Front 43

Free Market Policies

Back 43

A free market is a market structure in which the distribution and costs of goods and services, along with the structure and hierarchy between capital and consumer goods, are coordinated by supply and demand unhindered by external regulation or control by government or monopolies.

Front 44

League of Nations

Back 44

an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (1919): dissolved April 1946.

Front 45

UN

Back 45

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Front 46

ICC

Back 46

a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states; was terminated in 1995; "the ICC was established in 1887 as the first federal agency"

Front 47

IMF

Back 47

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

Front 48

World Bank

Back 48

An international banking organization established to control the distribution of economic aid among member nations, and to make loans to them in times of financial crisis

Front 49

WTO

Back 49

an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade

Front 50

UNICEF

Back 50

An agency of the United Nations established in 1946 to help governments (esp. in developing countries) improve the health and education of children and their mothers

Front 51

Red Cross

Back 51

an international organization that cares for the sick or wounded or homeless in wartime

Front 52

Amnesty International

Back 52

An independent international organization in support of human rights, esp. for prisoners of conscience. It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977

Front 53

EU

Back 53

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Front 54

ASEAN

Back 54

an association of nations dedicated to economic and political cooperation in southeastern Asia and who joined with the United States to fight against global terrorism

Front 55

Greenpeace

Back 55

an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species

Front 56

Race riots

Back 56

A public outbreak of violence between two racial groups in a community

Front 57

Hare Krishna

Back 57

A member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, a religious sect based mainly in the US and other Western countries. Its devotees typically wear saffron robes, favor celibacy, practice vegetarianism, and chant mantras based on the name of the Hindu god Krishna

Front 58

Bollywood

Back 58

the film industry of India

Front 59

Liberation Theology

Back 59

A movement in Christian theology, developed mainly by Latin American Roman Catholics, that emphasizes liberation from social, political, and economic oppression as an anticipation of ultimate salvation

Front 60

Fascism

Back 60

An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization

Front 61

Marshall Plan

Back 61

A program of financial aid and other initiatives, sponsored by the US, designed to boost the economies of western European countries after World War II. It was originally advocated by Secretary of State George C. Marshall and passed by Congress in 1948

Front 62

Rape of Nanjing

Back 62

The Nanking Massacre or Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, was a mass murder and war rape that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking (Nanjing), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Front 63

Nuremberg Laws

Back 63

The Nuremberg Laws or Nürnberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party

Front 64

Treaty of Versailles

Back 64

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Front 65

Collectivization

Back 65

characterized by the principle of ownership by the state or the people of the means of production

Front 66

Deng Xiaoping

Back 66

Chinese communist statesman; vice-premier 1973–76 and 1977–80; vice-chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1977–80. Discredited during the Cultural Revolution, he was reinstated in 1977 and became the leader of China

Front 67

Great Leap Forward

Back 67

An unsuccessful attempt made under Mao Zedong in China 1958–60 to hasten the process of industrialization and improve agricultural production by reorganizing the population into large rural collectives and adopting labor-intensive industrial methods

Front 68

Boers

Back 68

Afrikaner: a white native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans

Front 69

Decolonization

Back 69

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

Front 70

Nelson Mandela

Back 70

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

Front 71

Muslim League

Back 71

The All-India Muslim League, founded at Dacca (now Dhaka, Bangladesh), Bengal Presidency, in 1906, was a political party in British India that played a decisive role during 1940s in the Indian independence movement

Front 72

Environmentalism

Back 72

the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important than heredity in determining intellectual growth