Ap World History Exam Vocab

Front 1

Abacus

Back 1

An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters.

Front 2

Absolute Monarchy

Back 2

Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution.

Front 3

Afrikaners

Back 3

South African who were descended from the Dutch who settled in South Africa in the seventeenth century.

Front 4

Age Grade

Back 4

an age group into which children where placed in Bantu societies of early sub-Saharan Africa; children within the age grade were given responsibilities and privileges suitable for their age and in this manner were prepared for adult responsibilities.

Front 5

Agricultural Revolution

Back 5

The transition from foraging to the cultivation of of food occurring about 8000-2000 BCE; also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

Front 6

Allah

Back 6

The god of Muslims; Arabic word for "god"

Front 7

Alliance for Progess

Back 7

A program for economic aid for Latin America in exchange for a pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S President Kennedy's international program.

Front 8

Allied Powers

Back 8

In World War 1, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States and others that fought against the Central Powers; in World War 2 the group of nations including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States, that fought against the Axis.

Front 9

al-Qaeda

Back 9

A terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late 12th century and the early 21th century.

Front 10

Animism

Back 10

The belief that spirits inhabit the features of nature.

Front 11

Anschluss

Back 11

the German annexation of Austria prior to World War 2

Front 12

Apartheid

Back 12

The South African policy of separation of the races.

Front 13

Appeasement

Back 13

Policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions to Hitler in the 1930s.

Front 14

Aristocracy

Back 14

Rule by a privileged hereditary class or nobility.

Front 15

Artifact

Back 15

An object made by human hands.

Front 16

Artisian

Back 16

A craftsman.

Front 17

Astrolabe

Back 17

A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars.

Front 18

Austronesian

Back 18

A branch of languages originating in Oceania

Front 19

Ayatollah

Back 19

A traditional Muslim ruler.

Front 20

Ayllus

Back 20

In Incan society; a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler.

Front 21

Bakufu

Back 21

A military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while the real power was concentrated on the military, including the samurai.

Front 22

Bantu-speaking peoples

Back 22

Name given to a group of sub-Saharan African peoples whose migrations altered the society of sub-Saharan Africa.

Front 23

Battle of Tours

Back 23

The 732 CE battle that halted the advance of Muslim armies into Europe at a point in northern France.

Front 24

Benefice

Back 24

In medieval Europe, a grant of land or other privilege to a vassal.

Front 25

Berlin Conference (1884 to 1885)

Back 25

Meeting of European Imperialist powers to divide Africa among them.

Front 26

Black Death

Back 26

The European name for the outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, Europe, and North Africa in the fourteenth century.

Front 27

Bodihisattvas

Back 27

Buddhist holy men who accumulated spiritual merits during their lifetimes; Buddhists prayed to them in order to receive some of their holiness.

Front 28

Boer War (1899 to 1902)

Back 28

War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory.

Front 29

Boers

Back 29

South Africans of Dutch descent.

Front 30

Bourgeoisie

Back 30

In France, the class of merchants and artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution, in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners.

Front 31

Boxer Rebellion (1989)

Back 31

Revolt against foreign residents of China.

Front 32

Boyars

Back 32

Russian nobility

Front 33

Brahmin

Back 33

A member of the social class of priest in Aryan society.

Front 34

Brinkmanship

Back 34

The cold war policy of the Soviet Union and the United States of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on the parts of either power.

Front 35

British Commonwealth

Back 35

A political community consisting of the United Kingdom, it dependencies and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations currently called the Commonwealth of Nations.

Front 36

Bushi

Back 36

Regional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses.

Front 37

Bushido

Back 37

The code of honor of the samurai of Japan.

Front 38

Caliph

Back 38

The chief Muslim political and religious leader.

Front 39

Calpulli

Back 39

Azetc clans that supplied labor and warriors to leaders.

Front 40

Capital

Back 40

The money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization.

Front 41

Capitalisim

Back 41

An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit making.

Front 42

Caraval

Back 42

A small easily steerable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their exploration

Front 43

Cartels

Back 43

Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods.

Front 44

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

Back 44

The religious movement within the Roman Catholic church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Cathloic belief and promoted education.

Front 45

Central Powers

Back 45

In World War 1, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria. the Ottoman and other nations who fought against the Allies.

Front 46

Chinampas

Back 46

Platforms of twisted vines and mud that served Aztecs as floating gardens and extended their agricultural lands.

Front 47

Chivalry

Back 47

A Knight's code of honor in medieval Europe.

Front 48

Civilization

Back 48

A cultual group with advanced cities, complex institution , skilled workers, advanced technology and a system of record keeping.

Front 49

Climate

Back 49

The pattern of temperature and precipitation over a period of time.

Front 50

Coalition

Back 50

A government based on temporary alliances of several political parties.

Front 51

Code Napoleon

Back 51

Collection of laws that standardize French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Front 52

Cold War

Back 52

The tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War 2.

Front 53

Collectivization

Back 53

The combination of several small farms into a large government-controlled farms.

Front 54

Columbian Exchange

Back 54

The exchange of food crops, livestock and disease between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus.

Front 55

Commercial Revolution

Back 55

The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Front 56

Communism

Back 56

An economic system in which the state controls the means of production.

Front 57

Conscription

Back 57

A military draft.

Front 58

Conservation

Back 58

In the nineteenth century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies and state-established churches.

Front 59

Containment

Back 59

Cold war policy of the United State whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism.

Front 60

Cossacks

Back 60

Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.

Front 61

Covenant

Back 61

Agreement; in the Judo- Christian heritage, an agreement between God and humankind.

Front 62

Criolles

Back 62

A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents.

Front 63

Cubism

Back 63

A school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms.

Front 64

Cultural Diffusion

Back 64

The transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another.

Front 65

Cultural Revolution

Back 65

A Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers.

Front 66

Cuneiform

Back 66

A system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was used to press symbols into clay.

Front 67

Daimyo

Back 67

A Japanese feudal lord in charge of an army of samurai.

Front 68

Dar-al-Islam

Back 68

The House of Islam; a term representing the political and religious unity of various Islamic groups.

Front 69

Declaration Of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Back 69

A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution.

Front 70

Declaration Of the Rights of Woman and the Female Ctitzen

Back 70

A statement of the rights of women written by Olympe De Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Front 71

Deism

Back 71

The concept of God common to the Scientific Revolution; the deity was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws.

Front 72

Democracy

Back 72

A political system in which the people rule.

Front 73

Devshrime

Back 73

A practice of the Ottoman Empire to take Christian boys from their homes communities to serve a Janissaries.

Front 74

Dharma

Back 74

The position in the Hindu caste system that was determined by one's birth.

Front 75

Diaspora

Back 75

The exile of an ethnic or radical group from their homeland.

Front 76

Divine Right

Back 76

The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God.

Front 77

Domestic System

Back 77

A manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private home rather than a factory setting.

Front 78

Duma

Back 78

The Russian parliament.

Front 79

Dutch Learning

Back 79

Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century.

Front 80

Dynasty

Back 80

A series of rulers from the same family.

Front 81

Economic Imperialism

Back 81

Control of a country's economy by the businesses of another nation.

Front 82

Economic Liberalism

Back 82

The economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal.

Front 83

Edict of Milan

Back 83

A document that made Christianity one of the religions allowed in the Roman Empire.

Front 84

Empirical Research

Back 84

Research based on the collection of data.

Front 85

Enclosure Movement

Back 85

The fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution.

Front 86

Encomienda

Back 86

A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans, to European colonists.

Front 87

Enlightenment

Back 87

A philosophical movement in eighteenth century Europe, that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve humankind and society.

Front 88

Entrepreneurship

Back 88

The ability to combine that factors of land and capital to create factory production.

Front 89

Estates

Back 89

The divisions of society in prerevolutionary France.

Front 90

European Union

Back 90

An organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe: it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community.

Front 91

Evangelical

Back 91

Pertaining to preaching the Gospel or pertaining to theologically conservative christians.

Front 92

Excommunication

Back 92

The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to whose who do not comply with the church teaching or practices.

Front 93

Extraterritoriality

Back 93

The right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country.

Front 94

Factor

Back 94

An agent with trade privileges in early Russia.

Front 95

Fascism

Back 95

A political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one party rule, and the denial of individual rights.

Front 96

Feudalism

Back 96

A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection.

Front 97

Fief

Back 97

In medieval Europe, a grant of land given in exchange for military or other services.

Front 98

Filial Piety

Back 98

In China, respect for one's parents and elders.

Front 99

Five Pillars

Back 99

Five practices required of Muslims: faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage.

Front 100

Five-Year Plans

Back 100

Plans for Industrial production first introduced to the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930s.

Front 101

Footbinding

Back 101

In China, a method of breaking and binding women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, footbinding also confined women to the house.

Front 102

Foraging

Back 102

A term for hunting and gathering.

Front 103

Fundamentalism

Back 103

A return to traditional religious beliefs and practices.

Front 104

Geneva Conference

Back 104

A 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventeenth century parallel.

Front 105

Genocide

Back 105

The systematic killing of an entire ethnic group.

Front 106

Geocentric Theory

Back 106

The belief held by many before the Scientific Revolution that the earth in the center of the entire universe.

Front 107

Glasnost

Back 107

The 1935 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union.

Front 108

Glorious Revolution

Back 108

The bloodless overthrow of English King James 1st and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne.

Front 109

Gold Standard

Back 109

A monetary system in which currency in backed up by specific amount of gold.

Front 110

Gothic Architecture

Back 110

Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires and pointed arches.

Front 111

Gran Colombia

Back 111

The temporary union of the northern portion of South America, after the independence movement led by Simon Bolivar; ended in 1830.

Front 112

Great Depression

Back 112

The severe economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and continued into the 1930s throughout many regions in the world.

Front 113

Great Leap Forward

Back 113

The disastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes.

Front 114

Green Revolution

Back 114

A program of improved irrigation methods and the innovation of high-yield seeds and fertilizers and pesticides to improve agricultural production: successful in Asia and was used in Latin America.

Front 115

Griots

Back 115

Storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and histiories.

Front 116

Guano

Back 116

Bird droppings used as fertilizer: a major trade item of Peru.

Front 117

Guest Workers

Back 117

Workers from North Africa and Asia who migrated to Europe during the late twentieth century in search of employment; some guest workers settled in Europe permanently.

Front 118

Guomindang

Back 118

China's Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yar-Sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925, the party was taken over by Jung Jieshi, who made it into a more authoritarian party.

Front 119

Hadith

Back 119

A collection of the sayings and deeds of Muhammad.

Front 120

Hajj

Back 120

The pilgrimage to the Ka'aba in Mecca required once of every Muslim who is limited by health or financial restrictions

Front 121

Harem

Back 121

A household of wives and concubines in the Middle East, Africa or Asia.

Front 122

Heliocentric Theory

Back 122

The concept that the sun in the center of the Universe.

Front 123

Hellenistic Age

Back 123

The era (c. 323 to 30 BCE) in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great.

Front 124

Helsinki Accords

Back 124

A 1975 political and human rights agreements signed in Helsinki, Finland by Western European Countries and the Soviet Union.

Front 125

Hieroglyphics

Back 125

A system of picture writing used in Egypt.

Front 126

Hijrah

Back 126

The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina; the first year in the Muslim calendar.

Front 127

Imperialism

Back 127

The establishment of colonial empires

Front 128

Import Substitution Industrialization

Back 128

An economic system that attempts to strengthen a country industrial power by restricting foreign imports.

Front 129

Inca

Back 129

The ruler of the Quechua people of the west coast of South America; the term is also applied to the Quechua people as a whole.

Front 130

Indentured Servitude

Back 130

The practice of contracting a master to provide labor for a specified period of years in exchange for passage and living expenses.

Front 131

Indian National Congress

Back 131

Political party that became the leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement.

Front 132

Indo-European

Back 132

A group of semi-nomadic peoples who, around 2000 BCE, began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East.

Front 133

Indulgence

Back 133

A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins.

Front 134

Industrial Revolution

Back 134

The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting.

Front 135

International Monetary Fund

Back 135

An international organization founded in 1914 to promote market economies and free trade.

Front 136

International Space Station

Back 136

A vehicle sponsored by sixteen nations that circles that earth while carrying out experiments.

Front 137

Investiture

Back 137

The authority claimed by monarchs to appoint church officials.

Front 138

Jacobins

Back 138

Extreme radicals during the French Revolution.

Front 139

Janissaries

Back 139

Members of the Ottoman army, often slaves that were taken from christian lands.

Front 140

Jati

Back 140

One of the many sub-castes of the Hindu caste system.

Front 141

Jesuits

Back 141

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534.

Front 142

Jihad

Back 142

Islamic holy war.

Front 143

Junks

Back 143

Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties.

Front 144

Ka'aba

Back 144

A black stone or meteorite that became the most revered shrine in Arabia before the introduction of Islam.

Front 145

Kabuki Theater

Back 145

A form of Japanese theater developed in the seventeenth century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting.

Front 146

Kamikaze

Back 146

The "divine wind" credited by the Japanese with preventing the Mongol invasion of Japan during the thirteenth century.

Front 147

Karma

Back 147

In Hindu tradition, the good or evil deeds done by a person.

Front 148

Khan

Back 148

A mongol ruler.

Front 149

Kowtow

Back 149

A ritualistic bow practiced in the Chinese court.

Front 150

Kulaks

Back 150

Russian peasants who become wealthy under Lenin's New Economic Policy.

Front 151

Lassiez-Faire Economics

Back 151

An economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate businesses and industries.

Front 152

Lateen Sails

Back 152

A triangular sail attached to a short mast.

Front 153

Latifundia

Back 153

Large landholdings in the Roman Empire.

Front 154

League of Nations

Back 154

International organization founded after World War 1 to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

Front 155

Liberalism

Back 155

An Enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative government.

Front 156

Liberalism Theology

Back 156

A religious belief that emphasizes social justice for victims of poverty and oppression.

Front 157

Limited Liability Corporation (LLC)

Back 157

A business organization in which the owners have limited legal personal responsibility for debts and actions of the business.q

Front 158

Magna Carta

Back 158

A document written in England in 1215 that granted certain rights to nobles; later these rights were extended to all classes.

Front 159

Malay Sailors

Back 159

Southeast Asian sailors who traveled the Indian Ocean: by 500 CE they had colonized Madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the banana

Front 160

Mamluks

Back 160

Turkic military slaves who formed part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries: they founded their own state in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to the early sixteenth centuries.

Front 161

Manchus

Back 161

Peoples from the northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty.

Front 162

Mandate

Back 162

A type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation.

Front 163

Mandate of Heaven

Back 163

The concept developed by the Zhou dynasty that the deity granted a dynasty the right to rule and took away that right if the dynasty did not rule wisely.

Front 164

Manorilism

Back 164

The system of self-sufficient estates that arose in medieval Europe.

Front 165

Maori

Back 165

A member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 CE.

Front 166

Maroon Societies

Back 166

Runaway slaves in the Caribbean who established their own communities to resist slavery and colonial authorities.

Front 167

Marshall Plan

Back 167

A U.S plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after World War 2

Front 168

Mass Consumerism

Back 168

Trade in products designed to appeal to a global market.

Front 169

Matrillineal

Back 169

Referring to a social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through the mother.

Front 170

May Fourth Movement

Back 170

A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence.

Front 171

Medieval

Back 171

Pertaining to the middle ages of European history.

Front 172

Meiji Restoration

Back 172

The restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan, following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Front 173

Merchantilism

Back 173

A European economic policy of the sixteenth century through the eighteenth century that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available and that each country must adopt policies to obtain much wealth as possible for itself; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies.

Front 174

Mestizos

Back 174

In the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and Indian descent.

Front 175

Metropolian

Back 175

The head of the Eastern Orthodox church.

Front 176

Mexica

Back 176

The name given to themselves by the Aztec peoples.

Front 177

Middle Ages

Back 177

The period of European history traditionally given as 500 to 1500.

Front 178

Middle Kingdom

Back 178

Term applied to the rich agricultural lands of the Yangez River valley under the Zhou dynasty.

Front 179

Middle Passage

Back 179

The portion of trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas.

Front 180

Minaret

Back 180

A tower attached to a mosque from which Muslims are called to worship.

Front 181

Moksha

Back 181

In Hindu beliefs, the spirits liberation from the cycle of reincarnation.

Front 182

Mita

Back 182

A labor system used by Andean societies in which community members shared work owed to rulers and the religious community.

Front 183

Mongol Peace

Back 183

The period from about 1250 to 1390 in which the Mongols ensured safety of Eurasian trade and trade.

Front 184

Montheism

Back 184

The belief in one god.

Front 185

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Back 185

Policy issued by the United States in which declared that the Western Hemispheres was off limits to colonization by other powers.

Front 186

Mosque

Back 186

The house of worship of the followers of Islam.

Front 187

Mughal Dynasty

Back 187

Rulers who controlled most of India in the seventeenth and sixteenth centuries.

Front 188

Mulatto

Back 188

In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, a person of mixed African and European descent.

Front 189

Muslim

Back 189

"One who submits" a follower of Islam.

Front 190

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Back 190

U.S organization founded in 1969 to campaign for women's right.

Front 191

Nation-State

Back 191

A sovereign state whose people share a common culture and national identity.

Front 192

Natural Laws

Back 192

Principles that govern nature.

Front 193

Natural Rights

Back 193

Rights that belong to every person, that the government can not take away.

Front 194

Neo-Confucianism

Back 194

A philosophy that blended Confucianism with Buddhist thought.

Front 195

New Deal

Back 195

U.S President Roosevelt's program t relieve the economic problems of the Great Depression: it increased government involvement in the society of the United States.

Front 196

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Back 196

Lenin's policy that allowed some private ownership and limited foreign investment to revitalize the Soviet economy.

Front 197

Nirvana

Back 197

In Buddhism, a state of perfect peace that is the goal of reincarnation.

Front 198

No theater

Back 198

The classical Japanese drama with music and dances performed on a simple stage by elaborately dressed actions.

Front 199

Nonlignment

Back 199

The policy of developing nations to refrain from aligning themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the cold war.

Front 200

North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Back 200

An organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, the United States and Canada.

Front 201

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Back 201

A defense alliance between nations of Western Europe and North America formed in 1949.

Front 202

Northern Renaiassance

Back 202

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on more a religious nature than the Italian Renaissance.

Front 203

Northwest Passage

Back 203

A passage through the North American continent that was sought by early explorers to North America as a route to trade with the East.

Front 204

Opium War (1839 to 1842)

Back 204

War between China and Great Britain, that began with the Qing Dynasty's refusal to allow opium importation into China: Britain's victory resulted in the Treaty of Nanking.

Front 205

Oracle Bones

Back 205

Animal bones or shells used by Chinese priests to receive messages from the gods.

Front 206

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Back 206

Organization formed in 1960 by oil-producing countries to regulate oil supplies and prices.

Front 207

Ozone Depletion

Back 207

The thinking of the layer of the gas ozone high in the earth's atmosphere.

Front 208

Pan-Slavic Movement

Back 208

All Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia.

Front 209

Parallel Descent

Back 209

In Incan society, descent both through the father and mother.

Front 210

Parliament

Back 210

A representative assembly.

Front 211

Parliamentary Monarchy

Back 211

A government with king or queen whose power is limited by the power of the parliament.

Front 212

Pastoralism

Back 212

The practice of herding.

Front 213

Patriarchal

Back 213

Pertaining to a social system in which the father is the head of the family.

Front 214

Pax Romana

Back 214

The Roman Peace; the period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire in the first two centuries CE.

Front 215

Peninsulares

Back 215

In Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe.

Front 216

People of the Book

Back 216

A term applied by the Islamic government to Muslims, Christians and Jews in reference to the fact that all these three religions have a holy book.

Front 217

Perestroika

Back 217

A restructuring of the Soviet economy to allow some local decision making.

Front 218

Persian Gulf War

Back 218

The 1991 war Iraq and a U.S led coalition to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion.

Front 219

Perspective

Back 219

An artistic technique commonly used in Renaissance paintings that gives a three dimensional appearance to works of arts.

Front 220

Pharaoh

Back 220

An Egyptian monarch.

Front 221

Philosophes

Back 221

French enlightenment social philosophers.

Front 222

Pogrom

Back 222

Violence against Jews in tsarists Russia.

Front 223

Polis

Back 223

A Greek city-state.

Front 224

Polytheism

Back 224

The belief in may gods.

Front 225

Pope

Back 225

The head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 226

Potsdam Conference

Back 226

A 1945 meeting of the leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, in which is was agreed that the Soviet Union would be given control of Eastern Europe and that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation.

Front 227

Prague Spring

Back 227

A 1968 program of reform to socialism in Czechoslovakia; it resulted in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.

Front 228

Predestination

Back 228

The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell.

Front 229

Proletariat

Back 229

In Marxist, the class of workers in a industrial society.

Front 230

Protestant Reformation

Back 230

A religious Movement begun by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the belief and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of the new Christian denominations.

Front 231

Purdah

Back 231

The Hindu custom of secluding women

Front 232

Purges

Back 232

Stalin's policy of exiling or killing millions of his opponents in the Soviet Union.

Front 233

Quechua

Back 233

Andean society, also known as Inca.

Front 234

Quipus

Back 234

A system of knotted cords of different colors and sizes used by the Inca for keeping records.

Front 235

Quran

Back 235

The holy book of Islam.

Front 236

Radicalism

Back 236

Western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring the lower class.

Front 237

Ramadan

Back 237

The holy month of Islam.

Front 238

Reconquest

Back 238

The recapture of Muslim held lands in Spain by the Christian forces; completed in 1492

Front 239

Red Guard

Back 239

A militia of young Chinese people organized to carry out Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution.

Front 240

Reign of Terror (1793 to 1794)

Back 240

The period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution.

Front 241

Reincarnation

Back 241

Rebirth, the belief of both Buddhism and Hinduism.

Front 242

Renaissance

Back 242

The revival of learning in Europe beginning about 1300 and continuing to about 1600.

Front 243

Reparations

Back 243

The payment of war debts by the losing side.

Front 244

Repartamiento

Back 244

In the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of labor hours for laborers and provided fair wages.

Front 245

Revolution of 1905

Back 245

Strikes by the urban workers and the peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food and by Russia' s loss to Japan in 1905.

Front 246

Revolutions of 1848

Back 246

Democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, the swept through Europe

Front 247

Romanticism

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A literary and artistic movement in nineteenth century Europe, that emphasizes emotion over reason.

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Russification

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A tsarist program that required non Russians to speak only Russian and provided education for those groups who are loyal to Russia.

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Russo-Japanese War (1904 to 1905)

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War between Japan and Russia over Manchurian territory; resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese navy.

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Sandinistas

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A left wing group that overthrew the dictatorship of Nicaraguan Anastacio Somoza in 1789.

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Sati

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The custom among the higher castes of Hinduism of a widow throwing herself on the burning funeral pyre of her husband.

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Scholar- Gentry

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The Chinese class of well educated men, from whom many of the bureaucracy were chosen.

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Scientific Revolution

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A European intellectual movement in the seventeenth century that established the basis for modern science.

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Second Industrial Revolution

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The phase of the Industrial Revolution beginning about 1850 that applied to the used of electricity and steel to the manufacturing process.

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Self-Strengthening Movement

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A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways.

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Separation of Powers

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The division of powers among the legislate, executive and Judicial branches of government.

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Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

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Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths.

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Sepoys

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South Asian soldiers who served the British army in India.

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Serfs

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A peasant who is bound to the land where they work.

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Service Industry

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Occupations that provided a service rather than a manufactured or agricultural product.

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Seven Years War (1756 to 1763)

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Conflicts fought in Europe and its oversea colonies; in North America, known as the French and Indian War.

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Shamanism

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A belief in powerful natural spirits that are influenced by shamans or priests.

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Shariah

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The body of law that governs the Muslim society.

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Shi'ite

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The branch of Islam that holds the leader of Islam, must be a descendant of Muhammad's Family.

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Shinto

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The traditional Japanese religion based on veneration of ancestors and spirits of nature.

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Shogun

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Military leaders under the bakufu.

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Shogunate

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The rule of the shoguns.

Front 268

Silk Roads

Back 268

Caravan routes and sea lanes between China and the Middle East.

Front 269

Six Day War

Back 269

A brief war between Israel and a number of Arabs states in 1967, during this conflict, Israel took over Jerusalem, the Golden Height, the Sinai Peninsula and the West Bank.

Front 270

Social Contract

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Enlightenment concept of the agreement made by the people living in a state of nature to give up some of their rights in order for a government to be established.

Front 271

Socialism

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Political movement originating in nineteenth century Europe; emphasized state control of the major means of production

Front 272

Solidarity

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A Polish trade union that began the nations protest against the communist rule.

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Sovreignty

Back 273

Self-rule

Front 274

Spanish-American War (1898)

Back 274

Conflict between the United States and Spain that began the rise of the United States as a world power.

Front 275

Spanish Civil War

Back 275

A conflict from 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of Fascist Dictator Francesco Franco as the ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy.

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Specialization of Labor

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The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.

Front 277

Spheres of Influence

Back 277

Division of country in which a particular foreign nation enjoys economic privileges.

Front 278

Stateless Society

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A society that is based on the authority of kinship groups rather than a central government.

Front 279

Steppe

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A dry grassland.

Front 280

Steppe Diplomacy

Back 280

The skill of political survival and dominance in the world of steppe of nomads; it involved the knowledge of tribal and clan structure and often used assassinations to accomplish their goals.

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Stock Market

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A market where shares are bought and sold.

Front 282

Stoicism

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the most popular Hellenistic philosophy; it involves strict discipline and emphasizes in helping others.

Front 283

Suez Canal

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Canal constructed in Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez in 1869.

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Sufis

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Muslims who attempt to reach "Allah" through mysticism.

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Sultan

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An Islamic ruler.

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Sunni

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The branch of Islam that believes that the Muslim community should select leaders; the Sunnis are the largest branch of Islam.

Front 287

Syncretism

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A blend of two or more cultures or cultural traditions.

Front 288

System of Checks and Balances

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Constitutional system in which each branch of government places limits on the power of the other branches.

Front 289

Taiping Rebellion (1853 to 1864)

Back 289

Revolt in southern China against the Qing Empire.

Front 290

Tanzimet Reforms

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Nineteenth century reforms by the Ottoman rulers designed to make the government and military more efficient.

Front 291

Tea Ceremony

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An ancient Shinto ritual still performed in the traditional Japanese capital of Kyoto.

Front 292

Tehran Ceremony

Back 292

A 1943 meeting of leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union; it agreed on the opening of a second front in France.

Front 293

Ten Commandments

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The moral law of the Hebrews.

Front 294

Theocracy

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A government ruled by God or by church leaders.

Front 295

Tiananmen Square

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Beijing site of a 1989 student protest in favor of democracy; The Chinese military killed large numbers of protesters.

Front 296

Torah

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The first five books of the Jewish Scripture.

Front 297

The treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Back 297

The 1918 treaty ending World War 1 between Germany and the Soviets.

Front 298

Treaty of Nanking (1842)

Back 298

Treaty ending the Opuim War that ceded Hong Kong to the British.

Front 299

Treaty of Tordesilles

Back 299

The 1494 in which the Pope divided unexplored territories unto Spain and Portugal.

Front 300

Treaty of Versailles

Back 300

The 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied nations; they blamed war on Germany and assessed heavy reparations and large territorial losses on the part of Germany.

Front 301

Triangular Trade

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The eighteenth century trade network between Europe, Africa and the Americas.

Front 302

Tribute

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The payment of a tax in the form of goods and labor by subject peoples.

Front 303

Truman Doctrine

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A 1947 statement by U.S President Truman pledges aid to any nation resisting communism.

Front 304

Twelve Tables

Back 304

The codification of Roman law during the republic.

Front 305

Umma

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The community of all Muslim believers.

Front 306

United Nations

Back 306

The international organization founded in 19455 to establish peace and cooperation among nations.

Front 307

Universal Male Sufferage

Back 307

The right of all males within a given society to vote.

Front 308

Varma

Back 308

A caste in the Hindu caste system.

Front 309

Vassal

Back 309

In medieval Europe a person who pledged military or other service to a lord in exchange for a gift of land.

Front 310

Vedas

Back 310

The oral hymns to the Aryan deities, later written down, that formed the basis for Hindu beliefs.

Front 311

Viceroyalty

Back 311

A political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies.

Front 312

Wahhabi Rebellion

Back 312

An early nineteenth century attempt to restore Ottoman power through a return to traditional Islam and a strict "shariah" law

Front 313

Warsaw Pact

Back 313

the 1955 agreement between the Soviet Union and the countries of eastern Europe in response to NATO.

Front 314

Welfare State

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A nation in which that government plays an active role in providing services such as social security for citizens.

Front 315

World Bank

Back 315

An agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries t promote trade and economic development.

Front 316

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Back 316

An international organization; begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade.

Front 317

Xenophobia

Back 317

An intense fear of foreigners.

Front 318

Yahweh

Back 318

Jehovah, the god of Jews.

Front 319

Yalta Conference

Back 319

A meeting of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States in 1945; the Soviet Union agreed to enter war against Japan in exchange for influence in the eastern European states.

Front 320

Yin and Yang

Back 320

In ancient Chinese belief the opposing forces that bring balance of nature and life.

Front 321

Young Turks

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A society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and reform the empire.

Front 322

Zaibatsu

Back 322

A large industrial organization created in Japan during the industrialization of the nineteenth century.

Front 323

Zoroastrianism

Back 323

An ancient Persian religion that emphasized the struggle between good and evil and rewards in the aftelrife for those who choose good during this life.