Apush Chapter 1

Front 1

Christopher Columbus

Back 1

A navigator, colonizer, and explorer who was instrumental in Spanish colonization of the Americas. Columbus' expeditions led to European awareness of the hemisphere and the successful establishment of European cultures in the New World.

Front 2

Hernando de Soto

Back 2

A Spanish Explorer in the 1540

Front 3

Mesoamerica

Back 3

A region and cultural area in the America's that extends from Central Mexico, to Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Northern Costa Rica before the Spanish colonization of the America's in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Front 4

Conquistadors

Back 4

a Spanish soldier who took part in the gradual invasion and conquest of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries.

Front 5

Maize

Back 5

Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations. Commonly known in English, as "corn".

Front 6

Aztecs

Back 6

A term used to refer to certain ethnic group of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries

Front 7

Mayans

Back 7

A Mesoamerican civilization, it is noted for the only known completely developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems.

Front 8

Incas

Back 8

A tribe in the Cusco area where the legendary first Sapa Inca Manco Capac founded the Kingdom of Cusco around 1200. It was in 1442, when the Incas began a reaching expansion under the dictatorship of Pachacutec, whose name meant earth-shaker. He formed the Inca empire that would become the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

Front 9

Treaty of Tordesillas

Back 9

Established on June 7, 1494, it divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe into an exclusive duopoly between the Spanish and the Portuguese.

Front 10

Marco Polo

Back 10

A trader and explorer who gained his fame from his world wide travels. He was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China.

Front 11

Animist

Back 11

The belief that the natural world was suffused with spiritual power.

Front 12

Hierarchy

Back 12

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority. In a traditional setting, White Americans and Europeans were above everyone else.

Front 13

Encomienda

Back 13

a labor system employed by the Spanish during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines in order to consolidate their conquests. Conquistadores were granted power over the indigenous people they conquered, in an expansion of familiar medieval feudal institutions

Front 14

Tribute

Back 14

describes a system of economic exchange in which goods orservices are provided according to the demands of a ruler or a state in returnfor protection or religious favors, or simply to avoid punishment.

Front 15

Matriarchy

Back 15

A society or government ruled by a woman or women. The Iroquois didn't recognize chiefs they were a matriarchal society with power inherited by women, while men made war and conducted diplomacy.

Front 16

Patriarchy

Back 16

A society or government ruled by a man or men, such as kings and nobles. Rich or poor the man was the head of the household. A mans power was justified by the teachings of the Christian church.

Front 17

Primogeniture

Back 17

A practice where fathers gave all their land to their eldest son, which forced younger children to join the ranks of the poor.

Front 18

Peasants

Back 18

Peasants were usually poor farmworkers who lived in small villages surrounded by fields of farmed by families on the same level as them.

Front 19

Republic

Back 19

Italians ruled their city-states as republics - states that had no prince or king, and were governed by merchant coalitions.

Front 20

Civic Humanism

Back 20

An ideology that praised public service and virtue to the state, also influenced European and American concepts of the government.

Front 21

Renaissance

Back 21

A period from the 14th century to the 17th, it was considered the rebirth in many ways. It began in the 1350's right after the Black Plague, killing a third of the country. It is a cultural movement that spread from Italy to the rest of Europe.

Front 22

Guilds

Back 22

a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.an association of people for mutual aid or the pursuit of a common goal.

Front 23

Christianity

Back 23

A monotheistic (belief in one god) religion that grew off the Jewish. Christians believed that Jesus Christ was the savior.

Front 24

Heresy

Back 24

Doctrines that were inconsistent with the teachings of the church. People who spread heresies were seen as the tools of Satan

Front 25

Crusades

Back 25

a medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.

Front 26

Islam

Back 26

The religion whose followers believed that Muhammad was God's last prophet.

Front 27

Predestination

Back 27

The idea that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born and condemns the rest to eternal hell.

Front 28

Protestant Reformation

Back 28

The 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

Front 29

Counter Reformation

Back 29

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation. The chief aims of the Counter Reformation were to increase faith among church members.

Front 30

trans-Saharan Trade

Back 30

The primary trade for West Africans, passed through Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. The trade consisted of gold, copper, salt and slaves.

Front 31

Hernan Cortes

Back 31

a Spanish conquistador who initiated the conquest of the Aztec Empire on behalf of Charles V, king of Castile and Holy Roman Emperor, in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Front 32

Reconquista

Back 32

The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive the Muslim Arabs from the European main land by capturing Granada, the last known Islamic territory in Western Europe in 1492.

Front 33

Moctezuma

Back 33

The ruler of the Aztecs.

Front 34

Vasco de Gama

Back 34

A portuguese explorer and the first person to navigate a route to the East and to India

Front 35

Mansa Musa

Back 35

14th century emperor, also the tenth emperor of the Mali empire. A Muslim famed for his construction projects and his support for schools and the Mosques. In 1326, he embarked on a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Front 36

Martin Luther

Back 36

A German monk, who took up the cause of the reform by placing his Ninety-five Theses on the All Saints' Church in Wittenberg door on the 31st of October, 1517. It condemned the practices of the Church.

Front 37

The Ninety-Five Theses

Back 37

The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences.

Front 38

Hiwatha

Back 38

A pre-historical Native American leader and co-founder of the Iroquois confederacy. He was the leader of the Mohawk.