Apush - Flashcards Chapter 1-2

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Incas

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created a powerful empire of perhaps six million people in Peru, had complicated political systems, and had road networks that allowed different tribes to be unified under a single rule

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Mayas

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established a culture of education in Central America on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, had a written language, numerical system, an accurate calendar, and an advanced agricultural system

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Aztecs

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ruled over much of Central and South America creating administrative, educational, and medical systems, their religion was based off of human sacrifices giving their name as savages

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Chaco Canyon

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besides building grand cities, the Anasazi were also able to construct an irrigation system and a complex road network. Since they were farmers living in such a harsh and dry climate, they had to develop a way to irrigate their crops. The way they contrived was by digging dams in the sides of the canyon walls to trap flowing water. The water then passed through a grid network that distributed it to the various fields and gardens. The result of this technology led to a doubling of the population (Ferguson, p. 199).

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Woodland Indians

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inhabited Eastern United States and they had the greatest food sources of any region in the continent

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Mobile Societies(Native Americans)

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Northeast Indians were the most mobile compared to other regions. The people settling there used slash and burn techniques that would exploit the land.

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Agriculture (Natives)

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The native people living in the lands that became the United States and Canada did not develop into large empires or political systems. Instead, they built complex civilizations based on hunting, gathering, or fishing. Tribes that settled in the arid regions of the the Far West developed successful communities that were quite wealthy and densely populated. The most elaborate of the societies were the ones on the Southwest . They built irrigation systems and substantial areas that became the centers of trade. The Great Plains Indians engaged in sedentary farming and lived in permanent settlements.

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Leif Erikson

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It is believed that Leif was born about AD 970 in Iceland, the son of Erik Thorvaldsson, known as Erik the Red (Old Norse: Eiríkr inn rauði), a Norse explorer from Western Norway, an outlaw and himself the son of an outlaw, Thorvald Asvaldsson. Leif's mother was Thjodhild (Þjóðhildr).[4] Erik the Red founded two Norse colonies in Greenland, the Western Settlement and the Eastern Settlement, as he named them. In both Eiríks saga rauða and Landnáma, Leif's father is said to have met and married Leif's mother Thjodhild in Iceland; the site of Leif's birth is not known.[5]

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Prince Henry The Navigator

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Prince Henry the Navigator supported finding a sea route to Africa and exploring the west coast of Africa. With Henry's help, Europeans got to explore: Cape Verde, Cape of Good Hope. and the Cape of India.

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Christopher Columbus

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Columbus left to sea in 1492 with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. Columbus sailed into the Atlantic filled with misconceptions under Spain. The first voyage he landed in the Bahamas, the second voyage he landed in Hispaniola, and in the third voyage he landed on the the northern coast of South America.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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After Columbus died , Magellan continued to have expeditions to the New World. He was the first explorer to have circumnavigated the world.

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The Conquistadors

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Spanish conquerors that went to the Americas in hopes of finding wealth and gold there.

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Cortes

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Spanish conquistador that wiped out the Aztec civilization. Once they found gold

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Francisco Pizarro

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Spanish conquistador that attacked the Inca civilization. He made it possible for a Spanish empire to be created in the New World.

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Ordinance of Discovery (Aztec)

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The last period is known as the Ordinances of Discovery which began in the 1570s. In the third period, the Spanish began to colonize America and enforce their laws and culture. In terms of culture, Spanish missions were established in the Americas spreading Catholicism.

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Catholic Missions (Native)

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The New England settlers moved steadily towards the
Connecticut Valley where the Native Americans were more
numerous and powerful. At first the white settlers viewed
the Natives with admiration but as years passed the
Puritans looked at the Native Americans as beasts that
were inferior to them. Being the superior human forms, the
white settlers felt that it was their duty to civilize the
Native Americans by converting them into Christianity.
Some Puritans wanted to convert the Native Americans
through a kinder method but most of them had harsher
solutions. This caused the remaining Native Americans to
call for a war.

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St. Augustine 1565

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Pedro Menéndez de Avilés sighted land on August 28, 1565. As this was the feast day of Augustine of Hippo, the territory was named San Agustín. The Spanish sailed through St. Augustine inlet into Matanzas Bay and disembarked near the Timucua town of Seloy on September 7.[6][7][8][9][10] Menéndez's goal was to dig a quick fortification to protect his people and supplies as they were unloaded from the ships, and then to take a more proper survey of the area to determine the best location for the fort. The location of this early fort is unknown, but may be at the grounds of what is now the Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park. It is known that the Spanish occupied several structures in Seloy, the chief of which, known as Chief Seloy, was friendly with the Saturiwa, Laudonnière's allies. It is possible, but undemonstrated, that Menéndez fortified one of the occupied Timucua structures as this first fort at Seloy.[6]

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encomiendas

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There the native peoples or Pueblos
were harshly treated by the Spaniards. They were forced to work on
encomiendas which were similar to ranches that was the economic
heart of the colony.

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Pueblo Revolt 1680

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There was a military outpost located at St. Augustine, Florida in
1565, but that Spanish fort did not mark the beginning of a
substantial effort at colonization in the region. It was the colony
established by Don Juan de Onate in New Mexico that was a more
substantial colonizing venture. There the native peoples or Pueblos
were harshly treated by the Spaniards. They were forced to work on
encomiendas which were similar to ranches that was the economic
heart of the colony. In 1680, the Pueblos revolted nearly destroying
the Spanish colony. The Spanish crushed the Pueblos' revolts by
1696, but they chose to change certain policies in hopes to have a
better relationship with the Pueblos.

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Mestizo

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Racial Hierarchy: Peninsulares, mestizo(mixed Spanish with Native), and native

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John Cabot

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Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot; c. 1450 – c. 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of North America is commonly held to be the first European voyage to the continent since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland.

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Richard Hakluyt

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ichard Hakluyt, 1552-1616, was a geographer, clergyman, translator, collector and editor of adventure narratives, and advocate for the westward expansion of English power. He edited, translated, and inspired many volumes of first-hand narratives of adventure and discovery, the most notable of which are his Divers Voyages (1582), Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589), and its second edition, much enlarged, The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (in three volumes, 1598, 1599, 1600).

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Doctrine of Predestination

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The Calvinistic doctrine of predestination is a doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world. In the words of the Westminster Confession of Faith, God "freely and unchangeably ordained whatsoever comes to pass."[1] The second use of the word "predestination" applies this to the salvation, and refers to the belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins, even their original sin. The former is called "unconditional election", and the latter "reprobation". In Calvinism, men must be predestined and effectually called (regenerated/born again) unto faith by God before they will even wish to believe or wish to be justified.

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The English Reformation

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Reformation spread rapidly throughout Europe. Martin Luther:
salvation was achieved through faith alone. John Calvin: doctrine of
predestination-God elected some people to be saved and condemned
others to damnation and no one could change their faith. King
Henry VIII: started the English Reformation in 1529, was angered
by the pope's refusal to grant him a divorce, died separating from
the Catholic church. Mary: sided with the Catholics and killed
Protestants. Queen Elizabeth I: Church of England. Separatists:
determined Puritans to worship as they pleased in their own
independent congregations. James I: last of Tudors favored the
Catholics leaving Puritans eager to search for a new place for
religious freedom.

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John Calvin

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John Calvin: doctrine of
predestination-God elected some people to be saved and condemned
others to damnation and no one could change their faith.

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Puritan Separatists

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A significant group of English Protestants in the 16th century and 17th century. This religious group went from England to Holland to eventually America seeking for religious freedom. They made their own colony at Plymouth.

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Elizabeth I

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Queen Elizabeth I: Church of England. Separatists:
determined Puritans to worship as they pleased in their own
independent congregations.

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Coureurs de Bois

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French founded their settlement in Quebec and had a trading
relationship with the natives. Coureurs de Bois aka fur traders and
trappers became the basis of the French colonial economy.
Dutch focused on creating trading posts under the Dutch West India
Company.

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New Amsterdam

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Charles II granted his brother territory that was already
claimed by the Dutch who had established settlements
along New Amsterdam in 1624. The English resented the
Dutch because they got in the way of their northern and
southern colonies. In 1664, an English fleet attacked the
lightly defended port of New Amsterdam. The Articles of
Capitulation was the reason the Dutch colony surrendered
to the British in return for the assurances that the Dutch
settlers would not be displaced. The Dutch reclaimed New
Amsterdam in 1673 but lost it for good in 1674.

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West India Company

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On June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. The area where the company could operate consisted of West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope) and the Americas, which included the Pacific Ocean and the eastern part of New Guinea. The intended purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition, particularly Spanish or Portuguese, between the various trading posts established by the merchants. The company became instrumental in the Dutch colonization of the Americas.

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Sir Walter Raleigh

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Raleigh was important because he was apirate for Elizabeth I and he also sponsored the first colony to the Americas. Raleigh and Drake would attack the Spanish ships in open water and take their goods as well as try to keep them at bay. The colony Raleigh started was Roanoke and it is the "Lost Colony" no one knows what happened to the people who settled it. Raleigh was often placed in the Tower of London by Elizabeth for various reasons when she got mad at him. You can visit his rooms today in the Tower and see some of his personal effects. Several of the books he wrote are there as well as his bed and other bits of furniture .

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Roanoke

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The first English Colony of Roanoke, originally consisting of
100 householders, was founded in 1585, 22 years before
Jamestown and 37 years before the Pilgrims landed in
Massachusetts, under the ultimate authority of Sir Walter
Raleigh. In 1584 Raleigh had been granted a patent by Queen
Elizabeth I to colonize America. Interestingly, when Drake
picked up these colonists, he left behind 15 of his own men,
who were never heard from again. This foreshadowed one of
the great mysteries of North America, Roanoke's so-called
"Lost Colony" of 90 men,17 women and 9 children, founded in
1587 and discovered to be missing in 1590, but for the word
"Croatan" carved on a post.

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James I

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James I: last of Tudors favored the
Catholics leaving Puritans eager to search for a new place for
religious freedom.

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Jamestown

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The men that reached the American coast on 1607
established their colony on a peninsula and named it
Jamestown. However, they chose their site poorly. The site
they chose was low and swampy, hot and humid in the
summer, and prey to the outbreaks of malaria. In addition,
the land was difficult to cultivate and was close to Indians
led by Powhatan. A number of men died because they weren't prepared for living in a foreign place. They no food, bad priorities, and had no immunity to malaria. The colonists spent so much of their energy finding gold that they had no energy left to grow food. The entire community didn't have the resources to support themselves. Only thirty eight men survived out of the original one hundred four.

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John Smith

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John Smith became the new leader of Jamestown. He was
able to help more colonists survived during the winters.
With the help of John Smith, Jamestown's chance of
surviving increased.
Reorganization

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Lord De Lawar

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De La Warr imposed harsh discipline on the colony. He
had a communal working system. Later on though, they
changed the working system creating a more tolerant workplace. Settlers were allowed to own their own land and they would repay the company with part time work and
contributions of grain to its storehouses.

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Tobacco

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Tobacco originally came from the West Indies where
Christopher Columbus had seen Cuban natives smoking
cigars through their nose. In 1612, Jamestown planter,
John Rolfe began to experiment in Virginia with a harsh
strain of tobacco that local Indians had been growing for
years.Tobacco cultivation created for territorial expansion.
Tobacco farmers had a demand for more land because,
tobacco exhausted the soil after a few years.

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Virginia Company

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The Virginia Company wasted so much funds into
Jamestown which in the end was a profitless venture. In
1624, James I revoked the company's charter and the
colony became under the control of the crown.

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Headright System

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A system that was used first in Jamestown,Virginia on 1918. It attracted immigrants to the New World because in return they would get a grant of land.

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Powhatans

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They were able to effectively suppress the native
Americans. Sir Thomas Dale assaulted the Powhatan
Indians and captured the chief's daughter Pocahontas.
There were many years that the Europeans and the
Powhatan Indians fought. It was only in 1644 when the
Powhatan Indians ceased to challenge to eastern regions of
the city.

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Maryland and the Calverts

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Maryland was a dream colony of George Calvert. He
wanted to create a colony where English Catholics could
retreat. However it was his son Cecilius that received a
charter from the king.The Marylanders experienced no Indian assaults, no plagues, and no starving time. In fact, the Marylanders got along real well with their Native American counterparts and the Native Americans provided them with shelter, sold them land, and supplied them with corn. There were many disputes between the Protestants and Catholics. There was a Catholic minority and a Protestant majority causing civil wars related to government affairs.To make things worse, Calvert appointed a non-Catholic governor to appease the majority. Wars and fights broke out, and a labor shortage called for a change in system to the headright system.

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Propriety Rule

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Proprietary rule was unpopular in South Carolina almost from the start, mainly because propertied immigrants to the colony hoped to monopolize fundamental constitutions of Carolina as a basis for government. Moreover, many Anglicans resented the Proprietors' guarantee of freedom of religion to Dissenters. In November 1719, Carolina elected James Moore as governor and sent a representative to ask the King to make Carolina a royal province with a royal governor. They wanted the Crown to grant the colony aid and security directly from the English government. Because the Crown was interested in Carolina's exports and did not think the Lords Proprietor were adequately protecting the colony, it agreed. Robert Johnson, the last proprietary governor, became the first royal governor.
Meanwhile, the colony of Carolina was slowly splitting in two. In the first fifty years of the colony's existence, most settlement was focused on the region around Charleston. The northern part of the colony had no deep water port. North Carolina's earliest settlement region, the Albemarle Settlements, was colonized by Virginians and closely tied to Virginia. In 1712, the northern half of Carolina was granted its own governor and named "North Carolina." North Carolina remained under proprietary rule until 1729. Because South Carolina was more populous and more commercially important, most Europeans thought primarily of it, and not of North Carolina, when they referred to "Carolina". By the time of the American Revolution, this colony was known as "South Carolina

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Toleration Act

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The Act of Toleration was an act of the English Parliament (24 May 1689, citation 1 Will. & Mar. c. 18), the long title of which is "An Act for Exempting their Majestyes Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certaine Lawes"

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Bacon's Rebellion

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An uprising in the Virginia Colony on 1676. The rebellion was led by Nathaniel Rebellion and his purpose was to get rid of the Native Americans in Virgina. Bacon did not succeed but their Governor Berkley was recalled back to England

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Plymouth Plantation

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Around 1608, a group of Separatists from the hamlet of
Scrooby began emigrating quietly to Leyden, Holland
where they could worship without interference. While in
Holland, these religious people dreamed of creating their
own kind of community where they could spread the
gospel of the kingdom of Christ in those remotes part of
the world which was across the Atlantic.

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Mayflower Compact

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The Mayflower Compact was a signed document which
established a civil government and proclaimed their
allegiance to the king.

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William Bradford

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William Bradford was the governor of the Plymouth
Plantation. The Pilgrims were always a poor community
and focused more on religion than industrializing. He paid
off their final debts to England and were granted the legal
permission to live there.

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Colonial Currency

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Early American currency went through several stages of development in the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. Because few coins were minted in the thirteen colonies that became the United States in 1776, foreign coins like the Spanish dollar were widely circulated. Colonial governments sometimes issued paper money to facilitate economic activity. The British Parliament passed Currency Acts in 1751, 1764, and 1773 that regulated colonial paper money. During the American Revolution, the colonies became independent states; freed from British monetary regulations, they issued paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress also issued paper money during the Revolution, known as Continental currency, to fund the war effort. Both state and Continental currency depreciated rapidly, becoming practically worthless by the end of the war. To address these and other problems, the United States Constitution, ratified in 1788, denied individual states the right to coin and print money. The First Bank of the United States, chartered in 1791, and the Coinage Act of 1792, began the era of a national American currency

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John Winthrop

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A Puritan that obtained a charter from King Charles I for Massachusetts Bay Company.In 1630, he led Puritans to the New World and became the new governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company

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Theocratic Society

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Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler,[1] or in a higher sense, a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.[2] In Common Greek, "theocracy" means a rule [kra′tos] by God [the.os′]. For believers, theocracy is a form of government in which divine power governs an earthly human state, either in a personal incarnation or, more often, via religious institutional representatives (i.e., a church), replacing or dominating civil government.[3] Theocratic governments enact theonomic laws.

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Roger Williams

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Roger Williams was a Protestant that was a proponent of
religious freedom and the separation of church and state.
In 1636, Roger Williams started the Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations which was a refuge to religious
minorities. Also, Roger Williams was considerate of
Native Americans and wanted to treat them fairly unlike
the other Americans.

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Anne Hutchinson

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Anne Hutchinson was a settler and the unauthorized
minister of the dissident church discussion. She focused mostly on educating women about religion, but her bible
studies spread to men as well.

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Pequot War

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The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1634-1638
between the white settlers and the Pequot Indians living
close to the Connecticut Valley. In the end, the Pequot
Indians lost and the white settlers eliminated one of their more powerful Indian tribe opponents.

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King Philp's War

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Also called Metacom's War. Conflict between the Native Americans and English colonists in 1675. King Phillip was the Native American that led the American side. After his death, the fight continued and a treaty was signed at Casco Bay on April 1678

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The Narragansetts

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Algonquin was the largest language group, then there were The
Iroquois Confederation, and lastly the Muskogean. It was rare that
tribes unite in opposition to challenges from the whites because they
never viewed their community as a whole nation.
Every Native American group differed greatly in their social
structures. In general, before the Europeans came, most Native
Americans were experiencing an agricultural revolution where more
permanent settlements were being made and population numbers
keep growing. With the rise of stationary societies, social customs
developed as well. An important part of these customs was religion.
Most native tribes were polytheistic and worshipped many gods
associated with elements of nature. Women's role varied from tribe
to tribe. In some cases women would take care of children or tend
the fields and at times they would control the social and economic
organization of the settlements.

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English Civil War

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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and
political machinations between Parliamentarians and
Royalists. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary
victory at the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651.

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Middle Colonies

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The middle grounds were an area in which the English nor
the Native Americans dominated. Along the western
borders of the English settlements Europeans adapted to
the cultures of the Native Americans and the Native
Americans adapted to the cultures of the Europeans. The
French had trading relation with the Native Americans
because of the fur trade. By the nineteenth century
however this middle ground disappeared as Europeans
began to dominate.

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Quakers

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Also known as the Religious Society of Friends, Quakers were religious organizations that had many Christian movements in the 17th century at England and Wales. The founder of Quakerism was George Fox and he was convinced it was possible to have direct relationship with God without a clergy.They made a congregation in the United States where they would worship.

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William Penn

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William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1682. He wanted to create a government that was godly but yet idealistic similar to utopianism. When he arrived to the new land, Penn had a good relation with the Native Americans and insisted that women have the same equal rights as men. His written constitution for Pennsylvania which limited the power of government, provided a humane penal code, and guaranteed many fundamental liberties.

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Charter of Liberties

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The Charter of Liberties, also called the Coronation Charter, was a written proclamation by Henry I of England, issued upon his accession to the throne in 1100. It sought to bind the King to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles. It is considered a landmark document[1] in English legal history and a forerunner of Magna Carta.

The document addressed abuses of royal power by his predecessor, his brother William Rufus, as perceived by the nobility, specifically the over-taxation of the barons, the abuse of vacant sees, and the practices of simony and pluralism.

The charter of liberties was generally ignored by monarchs until in 1213 Archbishop Langton reminded the nobles that their liberties had been guaranteed over a century prior in Henry I's Charter of Liberties.

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Black Codes

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Laws that strictened the lifestyles of slaves even further.

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Holy Experiment

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The "Holy Experiment" was an attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.

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California 1760's

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Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The
most prosperous and populous was New Mexico.
Spaniards began to colonize California when they realized
they were getting more European competition in the
Americas. The settled in California in the 1760s. As the
settled the Spanish forced the natives to convert to
Catholicism. French was a threat to the Spaniards in the
eighteenth centuries. The French controlled the land now
called Louisiana.

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James Oglethorpe

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He was a general that led a group of unpaid trustees to
found Georgia. James was a military hero and was a
member of the Parliament. Oglethorpe had great military
skills and Georgia was between the dispute between the
English and Spanish. Ironically, it was the slaves from the
Carolinas that found refuge in Georgian and not the natives
that were part the of the Spanish territory. Slavery was not
allowed in Georgia so Georgia's economy suffered
everyone settling there were happy including former slaves
or indentured servants.

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Mercantilism

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An economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent of its supply of capital. It was exposed to the United States around 1500 to 1800 by their European counterpart. This theory was the belief that wealth was finite. If one nation got richer then another nation would get poorer.

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The Navigation Acts

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The object of this act was to protect English shipping, and to secure a profit to the home country from the colonies.This act was passed and revised in 1651.

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Sir Edmond Andros

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A dominion was created with the New England colonies
and it combined their governments and put them under the
supervision of Sir Edmund Andros the single governor.
Anglos was highly disliked by the people in Massachusetts
for enforcing the Anglican church.

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The Glorious Revolution

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The Glorious Revolution was bloodless in England, but
involved fierce wars in both Scotland and Ireland (see
Scotland: history 1603 to 1746, the Revolution of 1688
and Ireland: history 1603 to 1782, the Glorious
Revolution). William and Mary ascended the throne, but
the Bill of Rights limited the power of the crown,
established the power of Parliament, and established a
constitutional monarchy in England. William was
succeeded by Anne, second daughter of James II, and the Act of Settlement of 1701 ensured future Protestant
succession to the throne.

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William Bradford

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William Bradford was the governor of the Plymouth
Plantation. The Pilgrims were always a poor community
and focused more on religion than industrializing. He paid
off their final debts to England and were granted the legal
permission to live there.

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Cambridge Agreement

Back 70

The Cambridge Agreement was an agreement made on August 29, 1629, between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. The Agreement led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts. The Cambridge Agreement was a deal over whether the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, in New England, or under the control of a corporate board in London. Not all the members of the Company were actually interested in emigrating, but even they were either sympathetic Puritans or investors. In return for guaranteeing local control over the colony, the non-emigrating shareholders were bought out by the emigrating shareholders. John Winthrop became leader of the Puritan emigration as a result of the Cambridge Agreement negotiations, and it was understood that he would become governor upon arrival. The Cambridge Agreement guaranteed that Massachusetts would be a self-governing colony, answerable only to the King. The Colony and the Company were now, for all intents and purposes, one and the same. Winthrop's Puritans carried their own charter, as well as the Agreement, on their journey to New England.

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Church of England (Anglican)

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The founders of Massachusetts did not want to break away completely from the Anglican Church. However they weren't exactly similar to
the Anglican Church either. The ministers weren't closely
monitored and the churches were referred to as the
Congregational Church.

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Covenant Theology

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Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology.

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Halfway Covenant

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The Half-Way Covenant was a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose. First-generation settlers were beginning to die out, while their children and grandchildren often expressed less religious piety, and more desire for material wealth.

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Saybrook Platform

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Saybrook Platform refers to conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708. The document attempted to stem the tide of disunity among the established Congregational churches and restore discipline among both the clergy and their congregations. In its "Fifteen Articles" the platform provided for "associations" of pastors and elders and "consociations" of churches, each with broad powers to rule in disputes between churches, to proceed against erring churches and pastors, and to license the latter. The Platform was but a brief conservative victory against a non-conformist tide which had begun with the Halfway Covenant and would culminate in the Great Awakening.

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Joint Stock Compnay

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A company that has features of a corporation and partnership. The company shares stocks, but shareholders have limited liability.

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Cavaliers(1642-1647)

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Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered an archetypical Cavalier.[1]

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John Locke

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John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher, whose association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become successively a government official charged with collecting information about trade and colonies, economic writer, opposition political activist, and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Much of Locke's work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. This opposition is both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church.