Apush Chapter 37 Flashcards

Front 1

Earl Warren

Back 1

chief justice and former governor of California shocked traditionalists with his active judicial intervention in previously taboo social issues. Warren lead the Court to address urgent issues that Congress and the president preferred to avoid. He was protested against and people even made signs that said "impeach Earl Warren". Warren lead the court in the 1954 Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas that ruled that segregation in the public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. This would reverse the decision of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case that allowed separate but equal facilities. Desegregation must go ahead at deliberate speed.

Front 2

Gamal Abdel Nasser 1956

Back 2

Involved in the Suez Crisis, he was the president of Egypt who wanted American and Britain to offer financial help in building an immense dam on the Upper Nile.But Nasser was talking with the communist camp and Secretary of State Dulles dramatically withdrew the dam offer. Nasser then nationalized the Suez canal with British and French Stockholders. Britain, France, and Israel then planned a joint attack on Egypt in 1956 but made a huge miscalculation on over-estimating the US's oil supply. The allies than withdrew from Egypt and a United national police force was sent to maintain order.

Front 3

Nikita Khruschev

Back 3

The Premier in Russia during Eisenhower's presidency he gave out the ultimatum for the evacuation of Berlin indefinitely at the Camp David conference but then that was ruined at the Paris summit conference in 1960 when Russia show down a U2 spy plane. He also called for a suspension of testing nuclear weapons in 1958. Also threatened to bomb the United States if they attack newly communist Cuba.

Front 4

Betty Friedan and "The Feminine Mystique"1963

Back 4

A classic of feminist protest literature that launched the modern women's movement. Friedan spoke in rousing accents to millions of able, education women who applauded her indictment of the stifling boredom of suburban housewifery. Many of these women were already working for wages but struggling against the guilt and frustration of leading an "unfeminine" life as defined by the postwar "cult of domesticity"

Front 5

Military-industrial complex

Back 5

is a concept commonly used to refer to policy and monetary relationships between legislators, national armed forces, and the defense industrial base that supports them. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for defense spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and beneficial legislation and oversight of the industry. It is a type of iron triangle.
The term is most often used in reference to the military of the United States, where it gained popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 17, 1961, though the term is applicable to any country with a similarly developed infrastructure.

Front 6

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

Back 6

Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas that ruled that segregation in the public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. This would reverse the decision of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case that allowed separate but equal facilities. Desegregation must go ahead at deliberate speed.

Front 7

White Citizens' Councils 1954 (WCC)

Back 7

he White Citizens' Council (WCC) was an American white supremacist organization formed in 1954.After 1956, it was known as the Citizens' Councils of America. With about 60,000 members, mostly in the South, the group was well known for its opposition to racial integration during the 1950s and 1960s, when it retaliated with economic boycotts and other strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.

Front 8

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Back 8

This was to be "the mildest civil rights bill possible." It set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights.

Front 9

Dien Bien Phu 1954

Back 9

A battle between French colonial power and Veitnam the Americans were spent about a billion a year in indochina supports the french. The policy of boldness was finally put to the test when they favored intervention to bail out the French, but Eisenhower, remembering Korea decided against it. This battle proved to be a victory for the nationalists and a multination conference in Geneva roughly halved Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel. The North, ruled by Ho Chi Minh was communist and consented to the arrangement that elections would be held within two years. The South, pro-western, never made that promise because the communist were overwhelmingly popular.

Front 10

Little Rock 9 1957

Back 10

The governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus, mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine Black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School. Eisenhower sent troops to escort the children to their classes.

Front 11

SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1957

Back 11

Led by Martin Luther King Jr, it aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights. This was an exceptionally shrewd strategy, because the churches were the largest and best organized black institutions that had been allowed to flourish in a segregated society.

Front 12

Geneva Conference (Vietnam) 1954

Back 12

The Geneva Conference 1954 was a conference which took place in Geneva, Switzerland, whose purpose was to attempt to find a way to unify Korea and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina. The Soviet Union, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and the People’s Republic of China were participants throughout the whole conference while different countries concerned with the two questions were also represented during the discussion of their respective questions, which included the countries that sent troops through the UN to the Korean War and the various countries that ended the First Indochina War between France and the Viet Minh. The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals. Some participants and analysts blame the U.S. for having obstructed movements towards the unification of Korea as a Communist state. On Indochina, the conference produced a set of documents known as the Geneva Accords. These agreements separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Viet Minh, and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam, then headed by former emperor Bao Dai. A "Conference Final Declaration", issued by the British chairman of the conference, provided that a "general election" be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Although presented as a consensus view, this document was not accepted by the delegates of either South Vietnam or the United States. In addition, three separate ceasefire accords, covering Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, were signed at the conference.

Front 13

Suez Crisis 1956

Back 13

was a diplomatic and military confrontation in late 1956 between Egypt on one side, and Britain, France and Israel on the other, with the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations playing major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw. Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to Egypt and Israel, and then began to bomb Cairo. Despite the denials of the Israeli, British and French governments, evidence began to emerge that the invasion of Egypt had been planned beforehand by the three powers. Anglo-French forces withdrew before the end of the year, but Israeli forces remained until March 1957, prolonging the crisis. In April, the canal was fully reopened to shipping, but other repercussions followed.

Front 14

Eisenhower Doctrine 1957

Back 14

After the Suez Crisis in 1956 the Eisenhower creates the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957 which pledges military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression. The real threat to U.S. interests in the Middle East, however was not communism but nationalism. It was used when western oriented Lebanon was being threatened by Egypt and communist plots in 1958.

Front 15

U-2 Incident 1960

Back 15

Ruined the Paris summit conference of 1960 and made Camp David of 1959 a total waste when an American spy plane was shot down in the middle of Russia. Khrushchev stormed Paris filling the air with invective and the conference collapsed before it could get off the ground.

Front 16

Sputnik 1957

Back 16

The program that launched the Sputnik I which shot the first man made object into space. Then Sputnik II which shot a dog into outer-space. These frightened the American people of ICBMS intercontinental ballistic missiles. Also it overshadowed America's prestige and scientific superiority. In "rocket fever" Eisenhower established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and directed billions of dollars to missile development. After the Vanguard missile failure of 1957, the US managed to put a satellite into outers-pace in 1958. The sputnik program also put a huge emphasis on American education programs.

Front 17

National Defense Education Act 1958

Back 17

Due to the recent Soviet science superiority, Eisenhower and critics blamed the lacking American education system for not developing enough scientists and engineers. Congress in 1958 authorized $887 million in loans to needy college students and in grants for the improvement of teaching the sciences and languages.