Ap Psychology Flashcards

Front 1

Abraham Maslow

Back 1

1908-1970

Maslow created Maslow's hierarchy of need.

School: Humanist

Front 2

Alfred Binet

Back 2

1857-1911

Invented the 1st intelligent test

School: Cognitive

Front 3

Albert Bandura

Back 3

1925-Present

Social learning theory

School: Cognitive & Behaviorism

Front 4

Automatic Processing

Back 4

Unconscious encoding (you encode space,time and word meaning without effort)

Front 5

Achievement Test

Back 5

A test to determine developed skill or knowledge. The most common type is the standardized test to measure skills learned through the classroom instruction.

Front 6

Algorithm

Back 6

A procedure or formula for solving a problem.

Front 7

Availability Heuristic

Back 7

Is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a persons head.

Front 8

Axon

Back 8

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands.

Front 9

Belief Perseverance

Back 9

The tendency for people to hold their belief as true, even when there is evidence to discredit the belief.

Front 10

Binocular Cues

Back 10

Depth cues that depend on two eyes.

Retinal Disparity- a binocular cue for seeing depth.

Front 11

B.F Skinner

Back 11

(1904-1990)

Published "The Behavior of Organism" which describes operant conditioning of animals.

School: Behavioral Perspective

Front 12

Bystander effect

Back 12

A social psychological phenomenon that refers to case in which a person does not offer help to a victim when others are present.

Front 13

Charles Darwin

Back 13

(1809-1882)

Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his evolutionary theory.

Front 14

Carl Rogers

Back 14

(1902-1987)

School: Humanist perspective

Front 15

Chunking

Back 15

is organizing items into familiar units and often occurs automatically.

Front 16

Cell Body

Back 16

The cells life support center.

Front 17

Carl Wernike

Back 17

(1848-1905)

Wernike found that damage to a specific area in the temporal lobe, (a part of the brain named after him) called the Wernikes area, disrupts ability to comprehend and speak or write language.

School: Biopsychology

Front 18

Corpus Callosum

Back 18

The fibers that connect the two halves of the brain.

Front 19

Cerebral Cortex

Back 19

The cortex is the outer layer of the brain just under the hat where complex thinking occurs.

Front 20

Compliance Ladder (Foot-in-the-door)

Back 20

Involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first asking for something smaller.

Front 21

Circadian Rhythms

Back 21

Physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24 hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organisms environment.

Front 22

Classical Conditioning

Back 22

a stimulus is presented in order to get a response.

Front 23

Cognitive Learning

Back 23

Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful way.

Front 24

Consciousness

Back 24

Our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings.

Subconsciousness- What we're aware of

Unconscious- What we're not aware of

Front 25

Donald Hebb

Back 25

(1904-1985)

Father of neuropsychology and neural networks.

Front 26

Dendrites

Back 26

Receive messages from other cells.

Front 27

Depth Perception

Back 27

Ability to see in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D. Allows us to judge distance.

Front 28

Dependance

Back 28

the body's physical need, or addiction, to a specific agent.

Front 29

Daydream

Back 29

Day dreams can help us prepare for future events. and nourish our social development.

Front 30

Fantasy Prone Personality

Back 30

someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spend considerable time fantasizes.

Front 31

Divergent Thinking

Back 31

A thought process or method used to generate creative ideas.

Front 32

Convergent Thinking

Back 32

A thought process or method used to generate concrete ideas.

Front 33

Depressants

Back 33

Slows down body functions and disrupts memory processing.

Ex: Tranquilizers (Barbiturates)

Front 34

Edward Tichener

Back 34

(1867-1927)

Created his version of psychology that described the structure of the mind. Created the largest doctoral program in the U.S.

School: Structuralist

Front 35

Eric Kandel

Back 35

(1929-1956)

Studied molecular changes and won a noble prize for medicine for discovering the central role.

School: Neurosciences/ Biological perspective

Front 36

Edward L. Thorndike

Back 36

(1874-1949)

Developed law of effect.

School: Cognitive

Front 37

Ernest Webber

Back 37

jkfhil

Front 38

Marriage

Back 38

Marriages with a 3 to 1 ratio of positive to negative interactions work best.

Front 39

Social Clock

Back 39

Cultural preferred timing of certain events.

Front 40

Alzheimers

Back 40

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, language and physical functioning. A deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter Acetycholine.

Front 41

Puberty

Back 41

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Front 42

Preconventional

Back 42

Avoiding punishment and receiving rewards.

Front 43

Conventional

Back 43

Obeying laws or rules and social approval.

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Postconventional

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Based on own ethical principles.

Front 45

Oedipus Complex

Back 45

A concept developed by Sigmund Freud, in psychoanalytic theory, a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex or ones who look alike them.

Front 46

3 Parenting Styles

Back 46

Authoritarian Parents: Impose rules and expect obedience.

Permissive Parents: Parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands and use little punishment.

Authoritative Parents: Parents are both demanding and responsive. Set rules, but explains reasoning. Also encourage open discussions.

Front 47

Teratogen

Back 47

Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. Such as radiation, maternal infection, chemicals, and drugs.

Front 48

Kohlberg's Moral Development

Back 48

Focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding or morality from infancy through adulthood. In the field of moral development.

Front 49

Erickson's Psychosocial Stages

Back 49

A psychoanalytic theory which identifies eight stages through which a healthy developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood.

Front 50

Insight Therapy

Back 50

A technique which assumes that a persons behavior, thoughts, and emotions become disordered as a result of the individuals lack of understanding as to what motivates him or her.

Front 51

Tardive Dyskinesia

Back 51

A neurological syndrome characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements caused by the long term use of certain drugs called neuroleptics used for psychiatric, gastrointestinal, and neurological disorders.

Front 52

Cognitive Therapy

Back 52

A therapy that teachers people new ways of thinking. Action causes thoughts.

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Token Economy

Back 53

An operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior.

Front 54

Aversive Conditioning

Back 54

A type of countercondtioning that associates on unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

Front 55

Client Centered Therapy

Back 55

Should use genuineness, acceptance and empathy to show unconditional positive regard toward their clients.

Front 56

Active listening

Back 56

Central to roger's client centered therapy.

Front 57

Behavior Therapy

Back 57

Applies learning principles to elimination of unwanted behaviors.

Front 58

Psychoanalysis

Back 58

Freud's free association which uses techniques to overcome resistance by the client.

Front 59

Transference

Back 59

The patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.

Front 60

Psychotherapy

Back 60

An interaction between a trained therapist and someone suffering from psychological difficulties.

Front 61

Psycho surgery

Back 61

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

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Electro-convulsive Therapy

Back 62

Bio medical therapy for severely depressed patients in which brief electric currents are sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Front 63

Anti Depressants

Back 63

Medicine that lifts you out of depression. It increases the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine. (SSRI's)

Front 64

Anti Anxiety

Back 64

Includes drugs like Valium and Librium(Like alcohol) and is the most widely abused.

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Anti Psychotics

Back 65

A class of medicines used to treat psychosis and other mental and emotional conditions.

Thorazine- Adds dopamine

Risperidal- Shuts down dopamine

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Psychopharmacology

Back 66

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

Front 67

Bio medical Therapies

Back 67

Therapies aimed at altering the body chemistry.

Front 68

Schizophrenia

Back 68

Symptoms:

-Disorganized thinking

-Disturbed perceptions

-Inappropriate emotions and actions

Front 69

Bi-Polar

Back 69

Person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Front 70

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 70

A person experiences two or more weeks of depression.

Front 71

Dysthymic Disorder

Back 71

Suffering from mild depression everyday for two years.

Front 72

Dependent & Obsessive Compulsive personality Disorder

Back 72

Psychological dependence on other people. Difficulty making everyday decisions without advice.

Front 73

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Back 73

Characterized by self-centeredness. They exaggerate their achievements, expecting others to recognize.

Front 74

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Back 74

Avoids relationship and does not show much emotion.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

Back 75

Characterized by mood instability and poor self image. People with thid disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger.

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

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This disorder is characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have bad motives.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Characterized by a lack of conscience and is harmful to society.

Front 78

Personality Disorders

Back 78

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social funtioning.

Front 79

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Back 79

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities.

AKA. multiple personality disorder

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Depresonalization Disorder

Back 80

Marked by a feeling of detachment or distance.

Front 81

Dissociative Fugue

Back 81

An individual with dissociative fugue suddenly and unexpectedly takes physical leave of his or her surrounding and sets off on a journey of some kind.

Front 82

Localized Amnesia

Back 82

No memory of specific events that took place.

Front 83

Selective Amnesia

Back 83

Can't recall small parts of events.

Front 84

Generalized Amnesia

Back 84

Forgets everything up to a point.

Front 85

Systematized Amnesia

Back 85

Person who forgets a person due to events.

Front 86

Dissociative Amnesia

Back 86

This disorder is characterized by a blockage out of critical personal usually of a tromatic.

Front 87

Dissociative Disorders

Back 87

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes seperated from previous memories, thoughts and feelings.

Front 88

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 88

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuosly tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Front 89

OCD

Back 89

An axiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions.

Front 90

Anxiety Disorder

Back 90

A group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.

Front 91

Psychotic Disorder

Back 91

Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.

Front 92

Neurotic Disorder

Back 92

Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally.

Front 93

DSM-V

Back 93

Disagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders.

Front 94

Somatogenics

Back 94

It was believed that mental illness had a bodily cause.

Front 95

Psychological Disorder

Back 95

A "Harmful dysfuntion" in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable.

Front 96

Self-Concept

Back 96

Both Rogers and Maslows believed that your self concept is at the center of your personality.

Front 97

Rodger's Person Centered Perspective

Back 97

We need genuineness, acceptance and empaty for us to grow.

Front 98

Self-Actualization

Back 98

Self actualized people are-

-self aware and accepting

-open and spontaneous

-loving and caring

-not paralyzed by others opinions

Front 99

Unconditional Postive Regard

Back 99

An attitude of acceptance regardless of circumstances.

Front 100

Sublimation

Back 100

Re-channel their unacceptable impulses toward more acceptable or socially approved activities.

Front 101

Rationalization

Back 101

Offers self-adjustion explanations in place of real, more threatening reasons for your actions.

Front 102

Regression

Back 102

When faced with an anxiety the person retreats to a more infantile stage.

Front 103

Repression

Back 103

Push or banish anxiety driven thoughts deep into the unconscious.

Front 104

Frued's SPD

Back 104

Oral Stage

-(0-18 months) Pleasure center is the mouth

Anal Stage

-(18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bladder and bowel.

Phallic Stage

-(3-6 years) Pleasure center in genitals

Latency Stage

-(6-12) Dormant sexual feeling

Genital Stage

-(Puberty to death) Maturation of sexual intrests

Front 105

ID

Back 105

-Unconscious energy

-Operates on the pleasure principle

Front 106

Super Ego

Back 106

-Part of personality that represents our ideals

-Standard judgement of our morals

Front 107

Ego

Back 107

-The "boss" of the conscious

-It's job is to mediate the desires of the ID and superego.

Front 108

Learned Hopelessness

Back 108

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversion events.

Front 109

Internal Locus of Control

Back 109

The perception that one controls one's own fate.

Front 110

External Locus of Control

Back 110

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determinesRE one's fate.

Front 111

Reciprocal Determinizm

Back 111

The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.

Front 112

MMPI

Back 112

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inv.

-most widely used personality test

-Originally used to identify emotional disorders.

Front 113

Emotional Stability

Back 113

-Calm/Anxious

-Secure/insecure

Front 114

Extraversion

Back 114

-Sociable/Retiring

-Fun loving/Sober

Front 115

Openness

Back 115

-Imaginative/practical

-Variety/Routine

Front 116

Agreeableness

Back 116

-Softhearted/ruthless

Front 117

Conscientiousness

Back 117

-Organized/Disorganized

-Careful/Careless

Front 118

Trait

Back 118

A characteristic of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self-reported inventories or peer respect.

Front 119

Factor Analysis

Back 119

A statistical procedure used to identify different components of your intelligence or personality.

Front 120

Mere Exposure Effect

Back 120

A psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

Front 121

Norm of Reciprocity

Back 121

The expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits.

Front 122

Group Polarization

Back 122

The concept that a groups attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.

Front 123

Deindividuation

Back 123

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 124

Social Facilitation

Back 124

Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others. Occurs with simple or well learned tasks.

Front 125

Conformity

Back 125

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Front 126

Aptitude Test

Back 126

A test designed to predict a persons future performances.

Front 127

Emotional Intelligence

Back 127

The ability of individuals to recognize their own and other peoples emotions.

Front 128

Flynn Effect

Back 128

Intelligence test performance has been rising over the decades.

Front 129

General Intelligence

Back 129

Refers to the existence of a general intelligence that influences performance on mental ability measures.

Front 130

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Back 130

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a chart that cannot go up unless all other under are achieved.

Front 131

Meditation

Back 131

The practice of turning your attention to a single point of reference.

Front 132

Mindfulness

Back 132

A state of active, open attention on the present. (Living in the moment.)

Front 133

Mood Disorders

Back 133

A category of illnesses that describe a serious change in mood.

Front 134

Multiple Intelligences

Back 134

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

-Visual/Spatial

-Verbal/Linguistic

-Logical/Mathematical

-Bodily/Kinesthetic

Front 135

Reliability

Back 135

The extent to which an experience test or measuring procedure yields the same results as repeated trials.

Front 136

Test Bias

Back 136

Tests discriminate intelligence.

Front 137

Three Aspect Intelligence

Back 137

-Analytical

-Creative

-Practical

Front 138

WAIS

Back 138

A test designed to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents.

Front 139

Validity

Back 139

The extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well founded and corresponds accurately to the real world.

Front 140

Just-World Phenomenon

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The idea that people need to believe "you get what you deserve" so strongly that they will rationalize an inexplicable injustice by naming things the victim might have done to deserve it.

Front 141

Social Psychology

Back 141

The study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.

Front 142

Attribution Theory

Back 142

The idea that we give a casual explanation for someones behavior.

Front 143

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 143

We do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions.

Front 144

Door-In-Face

Back 144

The tendency for people who say no to a huge request to comply with a smaller one.

Front 145

Attitudes

Back 145

A belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something.

Front 146

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Back 146

A persistent pattern of inattention and hyperactivity that interferes with functioning or development.

Front 147

Abraham Maslow

Back 147

(1908-1970)

Maslows hierarchy of needs

School- Humanistic

Front 148

Absolute Threshold

Back 148

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

Front 149

Achievement Test

Back 149

A test of developed skill or knowledge.

Front 150

Achievement Motivation

Back 150

A desire for significant accomplishments for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard.

Front 151

Albert Bandura

Back 151

(1925- Present)

Originator of social learning theory

School- Behaviorism and Cognitive

Front 152

Alfred Binet

Back 152

(1857-1911)

First practical intelligence test

School- Cognitive

Front 153

Algorithm

Back 153

A procedure or formula for solving a problem.

Front 154

Amygdala

Back 154

Controls your sense of fear.

Front 155

Automatic Processing

Back 155

Unconscious encoding of incidental information.

Front 156

Effortful Processing

Back 156

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effect.

Front 157

Arousal Theory

Back 157

We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.

Front 158

Availability Heuristic

Back 158

A metal shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a persons mind.

Front 159

Axon

Back 159

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons.

Front 160

Belief Perseverance

Back 160

The tendency for people to hold their beliefs as true, even when there is ample evidence to discredit the belief.

Front 161

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Back 161

(1897-1941)

Advocate for the idea that because of linguistic differences speakers of different languages experience the world differently.

School- Cognitive

Front 162

B.F Skinner

Back 162

(1904-1990)

Operant Conditioning

School- Behavioral

Front 163

Binocular Cues

Back 163

Depth cues that depend on two eyes.

Front 164

Retinal Disparity

Back 164

The closer an object comes to you the greater the distance between the 2 images.

Front 165

Body Dysmorphia

Back 165

Persistent and intrusive pre-occupations with an imagined or slight defect in ones appearance.

Front 166

Bystander Effect

Back 166

Social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases where people don't offer help to a victim because others are present.

Front 167

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 167

The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.

Front 168

Carl Wernicke

Back 168

(1848-1905)

Wernicke's aphasia

School- Biopsychology

Front 169

Carl Rodgers

Back 169

(1902-1987)

Development of self

School- Humanist

Front 170

Cell Body

Back 170

The cell's life support center

Front 171

Cerebellum

Back 171

Helps in coordination and balance.

Front 172

Cerebral Cortex

Back 172

Complex thinking.

Front 173

Charles Darwin

Back 173

(1809-1882)

All species of life have descended over time from common ancestors.

Front 174

Chunking

Back 174

Organizing items into familiar, manageable groups.

Front 175

Circadian Rhythms

Back 175

Physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 25 hour cycle.

Front 176

Classical Conditioning

Back 176

Behaviorism (Pavlov)

Front 177

Cognitive Learning

Back 177

Grew in response to behaviorism. Knowledge is stored cognitively as symbols.

Front 178

Consciousness

Back 178

Our awareness of yourself and others.

Front 179

Conformation Bias

Back 179

A tendency to search for or interpret information to confirm one's preconception.

Front 180

Corpus Callosum

Back 180

Fibers that connect the two halves of the brain.

Front 181

Correlational Research

Back 181

Detects relationships between variables.

Front 182

Day dream

Back 182

Can help us prepare for the future.

Front 183

Fantasy Prone Personalities

Back 183

Someone who imagines and recalls experience with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing.

Front 184

Manifest Content

Back 184

The remembered storyline of the dream.

Front 185

Latent Content

Back 185

The underlying meaning of a dream.

Front 186

Dendrites

Back 186

Receives messages from other cells.

Front 187

Depth Perception

Back 187

The ability to see objects in 3D

Front 188

Dependance

Back 188

The bodies physical need, or addiction, to a specific agent.

Front 189

Depressants

Back 189

Slows down your body functions

Front 190

Descriptive Research

Back 190

Any research that observes and records

Front 191

Difference Threshold

Back 191

The minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli.

Front 192

Divergent Thinking

Back 192

A thought process or method used to generate creative ideas

Front 193

Convergent Thinking

Back 193

Means the ability to give the correct answer to standard questions.

Front 194

Drive Reduction Theory

Back 194

Our body's behavior is motivated by our biological needs.

Front 195

Eating Disorders

Back 195

Bulimia, Anorexia, Obesity

Front 196

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 196

A type of memory rehearsal that is useful in transferring information into long term memory.

Front 197

Encoding

Back 197

The processing of information into the memory system.

Front 198

Ethnocentrism

Back 198

The belief of superiority is one's personal ethnic group

Front 199

Fluid Intelligence

Back 199

Capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations

Front 200

Foot-In-The-Door

Back 200

Involves getting a person to agree to a large request by asking for something smaller.