Ap Psychology Unit 1

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

Science of behavior and mental processes

Hint 1

Module 1

Front 2

Empiricism

Back 2

The idea that what we know comes from experience and that observation and experimentation enables scientific knowledge

Hint 2

Module 1

Front 3

Rene Descartes

Back 3

A scientist who dissected animals

Hint 3

Module one

Front 4

John Locke

Back 4

A British political philosopher

Hint 4

Module one

Front 5

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 5

Established the first psychology laboratory

Hint 5

Module one

Front 6

Structuralism

Back 6

An analysis of human behavior culture and experience

Hint 6

Module one

Front 7

Edward Titchener

Back 7

Wilhelm’s student

Hint 7

Module one

Front 8

Functionalism

Back 8

Down to earth emotions, memories, will-power, habits

Hint 8

Module one

Front 9

William James

Back 9

Made the first textbook

Hint 9

Module one

Front 10

Nature-nurture issue

Back 10

Through Genes or through experience

Hint 10

Module two

Front 11

Natural selection

Back 11

Survival of the fittest -Charles Darwin

Hint 11

Module two

Front 12

Levels of analysis

Back 12

Outlooks in which everything is related to everything else

Hint 12

Module two

Front 13

Biopsychosocial approach

Back 13

Influences of biological, psychological, and social cultural factors

Hint 13

Module two

Front 14

Basic research

Back 14

Builds psychology’s knowledge base

Hint 14

Module two

Front 15

Applied research

Back 15

Tackling practical problems

Hint 15

Module two

Front 16

Counseling psychologist

Back 16

Help people to cope with challenges and crises

Hint 16

Module two

Front 17

Clinical psychologist

Back 17

Assesses and treat mental emotional and behavioral disorders

Hint 17

Module two

Front 18

Psychiatrist

Back 18

Medical doctors license to prescribe drugs

Hint 18

Module two

Front 19

Positive psychology

Back 19

Positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions

Hint 19

Module two

Front 20

Personality

Back 20

And individuals characteristic pattern of thinking

Hint 20

Module 55

Front 21

Free association

Back 21

A method of exploring the unconscious

Hint 21

Module 55

Front 22

Psychoanalysis

Back 22

Personality makes thoughts, motives, and actions unconsciously

Hint 22

Module 55

Front 23

Unconscious

Back 23

Unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Hint 23

Module 55

Front 24

Preconscious

Back 24

A bridge to the conscious

Hint 24

Module 55

Front 25

ID

Back 25

Unconscious psychic Energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual drives

Hint 25

Module 55

Front 26

Ego

Back 26

The largely conscious “executive” part of personality

Hint 26

Module 55

Front 27

Superego

Back 27

Represents internalized ideals

Hint 27

Module 55

Front 28

Pleasure principal

Back 28

Within the id; seeks immediate gratification

Hint 28

Module 55

Front 29

Reality principle

Back 29

Within the ego; wants long-term pleasure

Hint 29

Module 55

Front 30

Psychosexual stages

Back 30

Stages of childhood development

Hint 30

Module 55

Front 31

Oedipus complex

Back 31

Boy’s sexual desires towards his mother

Hint 31

Module 55

Front 32

Electra complex

Back 32

Girl’s sexual desires towards her father

Hint 32

Module 55

Front 33

Identification

Back 33

Incorporate children’s parents values into their developing super egos

Hint 33

Module 55

Front 34

Fixate

Back 34

Conflicts were left unsolved in development

Hint 34

Module 55

Front 35

Defense mechanisms

Back 35

Reduces anxiety

Hint 35

Module 55

Front 36

neo-Freudian

Back 36

Freud’s followers

Hint 36

Module 56

Front 37

Collective unconscious

Back 37

Shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Hint 37

Module 56

Front 38

Projective personality test

Back 38

Provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Hint 38

Module 56

Front 39

TAT

Back 39

People express their inner feelings

Hint 39

Module 56

Front 40

Rorschach inkblot test

Back 40

Designed by Rorschach most widely used test

Hint 40

Module 56

Front 41

False consensus effect

Back 41

The tendency to over estimate the extent to which others share our believes and behaviors

Hint 41

Module 56

Front 42

Terror management theory

Back 42

A theory of death related anxiety

Hint 42

Module 56

Front 43

Self actualization

Back 43

One of the ultimate psychological needs

Hint 43

Module 57

Front 44

Unconditional positive regard

Back 44

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Hint 44

Module 57

Front 45

Self-concept

Back 45

All our thoughts about ourselves

Hint 45

Module 57

Front 46

Traits

Back 46

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act

Hint 46

Module 58

Front 47

Factor analysis

Back 47

Statistical procedures used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence

Hint 47

Module 58

Front 48

Personality inventories

Back 48

A questionnaire on which people respond to a large wide range of feelings and behaviors

Hint 48

Module 58

Front 49

MMPI

Back 49

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

Hint 49

Module 58

Front 50

Empirically derived

Back 50

A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Hint 50

Module 58

Front 51

The big five personality factors

Back 51

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion

Hint 51

Module 58

Front 52

Social-cognitive perspective

Back 52

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits

Hint 52

Module 59

Front 53

Reciprocal determinism

Back 53

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Hint 53

Module 59

Front 54

The second positive psychology

Back 54

Study of optimal human functioning aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues

Hint 54

This is the second one from module 59

Front 55

Spotlight effect

Back 55

Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Hint 55

Module 59

Front 56

Self-efficacy

Back 56

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness

Hint 56

Module 59

Front 57

Self-serving bias

Back 57

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Hint 57

Module 59

Front 58

Narcissism

Back 58

Excessive self-love and self absorption

Hint 58

Module 59

Front 59

Hindsight bias

Back 59

The tendency to believe after learning and an outcome, one would have forseen it

Hint 59

Module four

Front 60

Overconfidence

Back 60

Pretending to be right or “almost right”

Hint 60

Module four

Front 61

Critical thinking

Back 61

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

Hint 61

Module four

Front 62

Theory

Back 62

And explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Hint 62

Module five

Front 63

Hypothesis

Back 63

A testable prediction

Hint 63

Module five

Front 64

Operational definition

Back 64

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Hint 64

Module five

Front 65

Replication

Back 65

Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations

Hint 65

Module five

Front 66

Case study

Back 66

Descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Hint 66

Module five

Front 67

Survey

Back 67

A technique for ascertaining The self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

Hint 67

Module five

Front 68

Population

Back 68

All those in a group being studied which may be drawn

Hint 68

Module five

Front 69

Random sample

Back 69

A sample that fairly represents a population

Hint 69

Module five

Front 70

Sampling bias

Back 70

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Hint 70

Module five

Front 71

Naturalistic observation

Back 71

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Hint 71

Module five

Front 72

Correlation

Back 72

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together

Hint 72

Module six

Front 73

Correlational coefficient

Back 73

Statistical index of the relationship between two variables

Hint 73

Module six

Front 74

Scatterplot

Back 74

A graphed cluster of dots

Hint 74

Module six

Front 75

Illusory Correlation

Back 75

The perception of a relationship where none exists

Hint 75

Module six

Front 76

Experiment

Back 76

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe

Hint 76

Module six

Front 77

Double blind procedure

Back 77

And experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant

Hint 77

Modules six

Front 78

Placebo effect

Back 78

Operation results caused by expectations alone

Hint 78

Module six

Front 79

Experimental group

Back 79

Exposed to treatment

Hint 79

Module six

Front 80

Control group

Back 80

Not exposed to treatment

Hint 80

Module six

Front 81

Random assignment

Back 81

Assigning participants to groups by chance

Hint 81

Module six

Front 82

Independent variable

Back 82

The effect being studied

Hint 82

Module six

Front 83

Dependent variable

Back 83

The outcome

Hint 83

Module six

Front 84

Confounding variable

Back 84

Might produce an effect

Hint 84

Module six

Front 85

Validity

Back 85

So extent to which a test or experimental measures or predicts what it supposed to

Hint 85

Module six

Front 86

Histogram

Back 86

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Hint 86

Module seven

Front 87

Mode

Back 87

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Hint 87

Module seven

Front 88

Mean

Back 88

The arithmetic average of a distribution

Hint 88

Module seven

Front 89

Median

Back 89

The middle score

Hint 89

Module seven

Front 90

Skewed

Back 90

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Hint 90

Module seven

Front 91

Range

Back 91

The difference between the highest and the lowest scores

Hint 91

Module seven

Front 92

Standard deviation

Back 92

I computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Hint 92

Module seven

Front 93

Inferential statistics

Back 93

Numerical data that allowed one to generalize

Hint 93

Module seven

Front 94

Statistical significance

Back 94

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Hint 94

Module seven

Front 95

Informed consent

Back 95

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable then to choose whether it they wish to participate

Hint 95

Module eight

Front 96

Debrief

Back 96

Tell subjects the purpose of the study and deceptions

Hint 96

Module eight

Front 97

Social psychology

Back 97

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Hint 97

Module 74

Front 98

Attribution theory

Back 98

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by creating either the situation or the persons disposition

Hint 98

Module 74

Front 99

Fundamental attribution error

Back 99

The tendency for observers when analyzing others behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Hint 99

Module 74

Front 100

Attitude

Back 100

Feelings often influenced by our believes that predispose us to respond in a particular way

Hint 100

Module 74

Front 101

Peripheral route persuasion

Back 101

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental queues

Hint 101

Module 74

Front 102

Central route persuasion

Back 102

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Hint 102

Module 74

Front 103

Foot in the door phenomenon

Back 103

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Hint 103

Module 74

Front 104

Role

Back 104

A set of expectations about a social position defining how does in the position ought to behave

Hint 104

Module 74

Front 105

Cognitive dissonance theory

Back 105

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort when we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Hint 105

Module 74

Front 106

Chameleon effect

Back 106

To follow someone else’s behavior

Hint 106

Module 75

Front 107

Conformity

Back 107

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Hint 107

Module 75

Front 108

Asch study

Back 108

Wrong answer was right

Hint 108

Module 75

Front 109

Normative social influence

Back 109

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Hint 109

Module 75

Front 110

Informational social influence

Back 110

Influence resulting from ones willingness to except others opinions about reality

Hint 110

Module 75

Front 111

Milgrim Study

Back 111

Shock or electric chair

Hint 111

We watched a video on this

Front 112

social facilitation

Back 112

Improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

Hint 112

Modules 76

Front 113

Social loafing

Back 113

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than one individually accountable

Hint 113

Module 76

Front 114

Deindividuation

Back 114

The less of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Hint 114

Module 76

Front 115

Group polarization

Back 115

That enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Hint 115

Module 76

Front 116

Group think

Back 116

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Hint 116

Module 76

Front 117

Prejudice

Back 117

And unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members

Hint 117

Module 77

Front 118

Stereotype

Back 118

A generalized belief about a group of people

Hint 118

Module 77

Front 119

Discrimination

Back 119

Unjustifiable negative behavior towards the group and its members

Hint 119

Module 77

Front 120

Just world phenomenon

Back 120

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Hint 120

Module 77

Front 121

In group

Back 121

Us; people with whom we share a common identity

Hint 121

Module 77

Front 122

Out group

Back 122

Them; those perceived as different or apart from our own group

Hint 122

Module 77

Front 123

In group bias

Back 123

The tendency to favor our own group

Hint 123

Module 77

Front 124

Scapegoat Theory

Back 124

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Hint 124

Module 77

Front 125

Other race effect

Back 125

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

Hint 125

Module 77

Front 126

Aggression

Back 126

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Hint 126

Module 78

Front 127

Frustration aggression principal

Back 127

The principle of frustration the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal

Hint 127

Module 78

Front 128

Social script

Back 128

Culturally molded guid for how to act in various situations

Hint 128

Module 78

Front 129

Mere exposure effect

Back 129

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Hint 129

Module 79

Front 130

Passionate love

Back 130

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Hint 130

Module 79

Front 131

Compassionate love

Back 131

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Hint 131

Module 79

Front 132

Equity

Back 132

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in preparation to what they give to it

Hint 132

Module 79

Front 133

Self disclosure

Back 133

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Hint 133

Module 79

Front 134

Altruism

Back 134

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Hint 134

Module 80

Front 135

Bystander effect

Back 135

The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

Hint 135

Module 80

Front 136

Social exchange theory

Back 136

Social change instability as a process of negotiating exchanges between parties

Hint 136

Module 80

Front 137

Reciprocity norm

Back 137

We repay in kind what another has done for us

Hint 137

Module 80

Front 138

Social responsibility norm

Back 138

Societal role that tells people that they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly

Hint 138

Module 80

Front 139

Conflict

Back 139

A serious disagreement

Hint 139

Module 80

Front 140

Social traps

Back 140

A group of people act to obtain short term individual gains which in the long run leads to a loss for the whole group

Hint 140

Module 80

Front 141

Mirror image perceptions

Back 141

Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict

Hint 141

Module 80

Front 142

Self fulfilling prophecy

Back 142

A false definition of the situation which makes the original false conception come true

Hint 142

Module 80

Front 143

Superordinate goal

Back 143

A group out to achieve

Hint 143

Module 80

Front 144

GRIT

Back 144

Courage and resolve

Hint 144

Module 80