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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Protestant view on women?
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Women could merit salvation and men and women were spiritually but women were still subordinate to men.
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How did the Catholics view women?
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That women should be obedient, silent, and pious.
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How did Protestant and Catholics view same sex marriage?
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That it lacked any scriputral basis and was wrong--it was believed that a women couldnt achieve sexual satisfaction without a man
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Compare and contrast Protestant and Catholic views on divorce.
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Catholics believed that divorse was sinful while Protestants recognized divorce if there was adultery or irreparable breakdown
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In the 1560's how was Prostitution viewed?
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It was just a part of society. When Pope Pius IV expelled all the prostitutes Rome lost so much revenue. Prostitution was a way for people to prevent making huger sins.
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During the sixteenth and seventeenth century what was the basic idea of what a witch was?
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A women controlled by the devil, usually an old women who participated in sexual orgies or a widow.
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What caused people to believe and persecute witches?
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Fear of heretics, inflation leading to more beggars, misogyny [hatred of women] and the belief that women could succumb to the devil while men were stronger so couldnt
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During the sixteenth century "the history of slavery became inextricably tied up with the history of _________"
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sugar
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Why did the Spanish choose to use african slaves over native americans?
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The native americans could not handle the conditions of slavery whiel the africans could. also many african kings would selll slaves in return for money and supplies
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How did the Europeans feel about the Africans?
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Felt they represented dirtiness, were barbaric because of culture, and were promiscuous. Also seen as evil because opposite of white which is goodness
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Decades of religoius fanaticism, famine, civil anarchy, death, had let both Catholics and Protestants to doubt that any one faith contained absolute truth. During the sixteenth and seventeenth century this led to the growth of modern ______ which was best represented by __________ who wrote the essay
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skepticism % Michel de Montaigne
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Sixteenth and seventeenth century Englihs music, poetry, prose, and drama came from these two periods.
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Elizabethan and Jacobean
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What was remarkable about William Shakespeare's work?
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he had original characters, diverse plots, understanding of human psychology, and a gift for language. He was a Renaissance man.
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What was the Authorized Bible?
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Bible created by scholars who were urged by James I to create a new translation of hte Bible---also known as the King James Bible in North America
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What influence the baroque style?
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Was influenced by Rome and revitalizaton of the Catholic Church of the later sixteenth century. The art was very emotional-had much tension
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Peter Paul Rubens
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Was the most outstanding and representative of baroque painters. He was known for painting portraits of monarchs and for his sensual nude paintings.
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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Was a baroque composer who wrote religious cantatas and the best organ music ever written.
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When is a state considered to be sovereign?
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When there is no threat to the royal authority because of a large royal army to support it
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What was the idea behind ruling by divine right?
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Kings claimed tehy ruled by divine right because they were responsible to God alone.
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How did the absolute monarch weaken the control of nobility?
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By solving their own financial problems so they wouldnt have to depend on nobility
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Compare the absolute monarchs standing army to the medieval armies?
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The medieval armies were only used during times of war or for war compaigns while stnading armies were always employed and secret police would control citizens
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Why do historians sometimes use the term administrative monarchy instead of absolute monarchy?
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Because absolute monarchy would mean a state absolutely controled by the monarch, while the monarchs of this time had become stronger but didnt interfere in idividuals life and couldnt rule the law and was checked
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What is the totalitarianism state?
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State that sought to direct all facets of a state's culture in the interests of the state
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How did Henry IV gain Catholic and Protestant conference?
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Henry IV converted to Catholicism but granted the Edict of Nantes for the Protestants and hired the duke of Sully who was Protestant
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How did Henry IV raise money to pay for France's debt?
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He lowered the taxes on peasants but made a paulette, which was an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarentee heredity in their office
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After the death of Henry IV who led toe government?
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Marie de' Medici for Louis XIII who was a childking
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Which council minister did Marie de' Medici hire?
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Cardinal Richelieu who later became the first minister of France in 1628
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Which group was the biggest threat to the French throne in the seventeenth century?
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Nobility
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How did Richelieu limit the power of the nobility?
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He reshuffled the royal council ridding of any threats.
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What were the generalites?
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The way that France as divided which was 32 generalites which had a royal intendent that went directly to the monarchy-the intendents collected taxes, recruited men for the army, checked the law and nobility, and regulated ecnoomic activity
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What happened to the city of La Rochelle in 1628?
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La Rochelle was the fourth largest French Atlantic ports that had ties with northern Protestants from Holland and England-so Louis XIII seized and cut off English aid and the city fell in 1628
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Explain how in the seventeenth century Frence influence became an important factor in the political future of the German Empire?
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France's minister Richelieu tried to weaken the Habsburg family by supporting their enemies. Inlcuding Gustavus Adolphus the Lutheran king.
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Define raison d'etat
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Known as reason of the state it was the idea created by Richelieu who belivedd "Where the interests of the state are concerned, God absolves actions which, if privately commited, would be a crime."
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What did chief minister Cardinal Jules Mazarin plan to increase royal revenues lead to?
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Fronde which were civil wars from 1648-1654
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What were the three effects of the Fronde on the future of France?
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1) government would have to comprimise with bureaucrats and socila elites that controlled local institutes 2) French economy was badly disruped 3) Fronde had a tramatic effect on Louis which led him to believe that an absolute monarchy was necessary to prevent anarchy
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What was the longest rule of any king? Who was the "sun king"
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Louis XIV
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How did Louis XIV control the nobility?
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He worked on projects that brought back their prestige and gave them special privileges
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What was the significance of the palace at Versailles.
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art and architecture of Versailles represented the greatness of Louis XIV and France. France became language of polite society and diplomatic exchange and spread intellectual dies. Also he would exclude the highest nobles to weaken their powers.
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By 1685 what state was the strongly and most highly centralized in Europe?
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France
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Where did many of the councilors of state for Louis XIV come from?
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the upper middle class who were ennobled
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What was the ultimate weakness of the state that Louis XIV created?
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finance
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What major idea did Jean Baptiste Colbert use?
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mercantilism: the idea that the government should regulate ecnomic activity-also that the state should sell moer goods then they take in
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In 1685 what did Louis XIV do to the Edict of Nantes?
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He revoked it-because he did not believe in religous tolerance, religious liberty wasnt a popular policiy. The event of the revocation of the edict of natntes was the emigration of Huguenots slightly hurt the economy
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Define French classicism in art?
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French classicism followed the classical antiquity of the Renaissance that possessed discipline, balance, and restraint. Official style of Versailles.
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Who were Moliere and Racine?
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The greatest French performers on stage in the seventeenth century.
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Who was Jean Racine?
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Contemporary who analyzed the power of love and based his tragic drams on Greek and Roman legends.
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How did Louis XIV recruit troops wit h the help of Francois le Tellier [secretary of state of war]
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conscription, dragooning [seizing bums], and lottery
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Who was Jean Martinet
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The strict ruler of the French army who made soldiers into machines
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The constant participation in war led to a decrease in royal revenues, how did Claude le Peletier [Colbert's successor] deal with these problems?
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Deflating currency, selling office, tax exemptions, and titles of noility, also selling all the silver
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What caused the 2 million deaths in 1693 and 1694?
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Bad harvests and widespread starvation
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What was the cause of the war of the Spanish Succession?
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Caused because the king of Spain Charles II was impotent and mentally defective. It was decided that Philip of Anjou would take the throne. Because Anjou was French the Dutch and English worried and didnt want France and Spain to team up.
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What was the Grand Alliance?
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Alliance formed by the Dutch, English, Austrians, and Prussians in 1701 against Louis XIV in the war of the Spanish Succession
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What were the 3 motivations behind the War of the Spanish Succession
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1) to keep a balance of power
2) because England and Holland had maritime rivaly with France 3) Expanding commercial power in North America, Asia, and Africa |
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Who were John Churchill and duke of Marlborough
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Fighters who fought against France in the war of the Spanish Succession and who led a severe defeat against Louis in 1704 at Blenheim, Bavaria
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What were the consequences of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713?
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Philip could remain king as long as Spain and France never united, France surrendered Newfoundladn, Nova Socita, and Hudson Bay Territory. While Spain gave up Gibraltar, Minorca, and African Slave trade to England.
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Why did Spain have such a small middle class in the 1600's?
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Because of the expulsion of the Jews and Moors. Along with many people thought that moneymaking was vulgar and undignified.
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How would one describe Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II?
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They were all inadequate caused by constant inbreeding and a decaying monarch/
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How would one describe Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II?
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They were all inadequate caused by constant inbreeding and a decaying monarch/
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What treaty marked the end of Spain as a great power?
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The Treaty of Pyrenees in 1659 which ended the French-Spain wars
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Who wrote Don Quixote and what was the main point of Don Quixote?
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Miguel de Cervantes which tells the story of Don Quixote who was idealistic but impractical
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What is constitutionalism?
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ISs the limitation of government by law. A balance between the authority and power of the government on one hand and with rights and liberties of the subjects on the other hand
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How did England feel about King James, Queen Elizabeth's Scottish cousin?
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They were hostile to his ideas about divine right and the fact that he was Scottish He often disagreed with the House of Commons
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Describe the House of Commmons during the reign of King James I and Charles I.
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The House of Commons was now extremely ealth and more educated about law
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Who were the Puritans?
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Group of people who believed the Reformation had not gone far enough .They wanted to purify the Anglican churhc of Roman Catholic elements
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Why did King Charles have to call Parliament in November 1640?
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Because the Scots revolted after William Laud treid to make a new prayer book which was modeled after Anglican beliefs
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What did Charles I in England rule without from 1629 to 1640
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Parliament
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What was the Long Parliament?
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Parliament from 1640-1660 which wouldnt give Charles money for an army and tried to limit the power of Charles I
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What was the Trienniel Act?
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Act that Commons passed in 1641--which stated that king must summon Parliament every 3 years---it also impeached Laud and abolished Court of High Commission
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What did the English civil war test? (1642-1649)
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Whether sovereignty in England was to reside in Parliament or the king
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How did the English Civil war end?
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King Charles was tried for high treason and Cromwell took over
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What was the period of 1649-1660 ruled by Cromwell called?
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INterregnum because had 2 separate monarchial periods and witnessed military dictatorship
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Thomas Hobbes
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English philosopher who wrote Leviathan stating that sovereignty is derived from the people who transfered it to the monarchy
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What did Cromwell do to England?
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Left it in a military dictatorship by dividing it into 12 districts and created a standing army, was a mercantilist and created the Navigation Acts which helped the economy
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What did Cromwell do to England?
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Left it in a military dictatorship by dividing it into 12 districts and created a standing army, was a mercantilist and created the Navigation Acts which helped the economy
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After the death of Cromwell who ruled England in 1660?
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Charles II who was son of Charles I. Charles II wanted to create unity with Parliament however he was overthrown from the monarchy
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What ultimately led to the demise of the rule of Charles II?
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The secret treaty made between Charles II and Louis XIV & the fear that Charles II would leave a Catholic dynasty along wit hte fact theat he imprisoned 7 bishops in the Tower of London
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What was the Glorious Revolution?
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The replacement of Charles II with William and Mary wihtout bloodshed [1688-1689]
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What did William and Mary recognize the supremacy of? What did Parliament create that is the cornerstone of the modern British Constitution
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Parliament & Bill of Rights
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What were some basic ideas from the Bill of Rights
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1) Parliament established laws that couldnt be suspended by the King 2) Parliament met every 3 years 3) Judges had to hold good behavior 4) no standing army during peace 5) Protestants may have arms 6) freedom of worship of non Proestants
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What did John Locke state in the Second Treatise of Civil government?
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People set up civil governments to protect life, liberty, and property. Governments that overstep their power become a tyranny and the people have a right to rebel against tyranny
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What was the cabinet system?
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Leading ministers who have seats and support of the House of Commons conduct business for the country
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What was the "golden age of the Netherlands"
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Period during the seventeenth century where there was a flo of Dutch scientific, artistic, and literary achievements.
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Describe the Dutch government in the seventeenth century?
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Within each province an oligarchy of merchents handle domestic affairs in local estates. A federal assembly, or States General, handled foreign affairs. The State General appointed a stadholder in each province. The Dutch were fiercely republican & was a confederation [weak union of strong states]
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What did the success of the Dutch rest on in the seventeenth century?
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commercial prosperity led by religious tolerance bringing in many groups of exiled people who had numerous skills
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What was the cornerstone of the Dutch eoconomy during the seventeenth century?
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fishing
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During the seventeenth century which country had the highest standard of living?
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Netherlands
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What led to the decline in the seventeenth century of the Netherlands?
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The War of the Spanish succession
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How did Western absolute monarchy differ from eastern absolute monarchy?
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West depended on the middle class while east had a weak middle class and strong nobility
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Compare the conditions of eastern European peasants during the seventeenth century to western European peasants.
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In the west peasants had gotten free fomr serfdom. In the east the peasnats were exploited making laws that took away the right of ree movement and imposing heavier labor obligations along with manipulating the legal system
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What was hereditary subjugation?
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In Prussia in 1653 basically stated that peasnats were bound to thier lords from one generation to the next as well as to the land
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Although Eastern European was backwards they were able to thrive, why?
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The landowners exploited cheap labor and exported to the growing western cities
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What were the political reasons that serfdom was reestablished in eastern Europe?
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the lack of a strong monarchy to establish fair laws, also the monarchs didnt want to resist the new laws.
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How did some monarchs monpoloize political power?
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Collecting taxes, maintaining standing armies, and conducting relations with other states
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Which country had a stronger absolute monrch: Austria or Prussia?
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Prussia!
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The Czech nobilility were Protestant and dominated what Estate?
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The Bohemian Estates-which revolt was crushed in 1620 by Ferdinand II and took the landholdings of Protestants and gave it to Catholics
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What did the Habsburg do with Bohemia after the Thirty Years War?
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Reconquer it and root out Protestantism
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Under whose rule did the Ottoman Turks reach their greatest peak?
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Sultan Suleiman the Magnificant: who was an old enemy of teh Catholic Habsburg
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Describe how the government was like in the Ottoman Emprie.
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All the land was ruled by the sultan and the top ranks of bureaucracy were staffed by sultan slave corps, there was religious tolerance, and each millet had its own religion
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By 1699 what territory did the Habsburg conquer?
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Almost all of Hungary and Transylvania
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What were the three distinct territories of Hasburg rule?
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Austria, kingdom of Bohemia, and kingdom of Hungary
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What was the Pragmatic SAnaction?
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Stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always to passed to single heir-made by Charles VI
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Which group of nobility resisted the Habsburg absolute monarchy?
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Hungarians
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Why did the Hungarian nobility resist the Habsburg monarchy?
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Were Protestant and hated the Catholic Habsburg and felt nationalistic feelings towards thier independence.
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In what revolt did the Hungarians try one last time for freedom with help of Francis Rakoczy in 1703? What was the outcome?
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The report after the Habsburg were defeated in the War of the Spanish Succession. The Hungarians were defeated but they gained some of tehir old privileges and prevented an absolute monarchy
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What did the elector of Brandenburg do, which family was the elector?
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Hohenzollern=chose the Holy Roman Emperor with six other electors
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What did the Thirty Years War pave the way for in Prussia?
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Hohenzollern absolutism-under the rule of Frederick William who united the countries threee districts: Brandenburg, Prussia, and Rhine
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The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia were dominanted by the nobility and the land owning class known as the __________.
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Junkers
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How did Freerick William pay for his permanent standing army?
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Permanent taxation without the consent of the estates
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What two factors accounted for the Great Electors triumph?
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Constant war in Europe demanded permanent standing army & Great Elector gave special privileges to the nobility
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Why was Elector Frederick III [son of Frederick William] called "the Ostentatious"
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He cared more about fixing the palace like Versailles instead of taking care of Prussia
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Why was Frederick William I called "the Soldier's King"
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Frederick William was the most talented reformer in the Hohenzollern family who established Prussian absolutism and created best army in Europe for its size. He loved tall soldiers and would often kidnap them and lived a disciplinary life. He also created a strong bureaucracy and was excessively stringy creating a first rate army on third rate resources. He also helped Prussia economically.
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How did the belief of Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia separate them from the rest of Europe?
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The rest of Europe were Roman Catholics who were united by the pope while eastern Orthodoxy rejected the authority of the pope.
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Define the Mongol Yokee and the Golden Horde.
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The Golden Horde was the name of the MOngol Army. The MOngol Yoke was the 200 year rule the Mongols had over the eastern Slavs. The Mongols ultimately unified the eastern Slavs
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Howdid the Mongols use princes in their regime?
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Princes who were faithful were used as obedient servants and tax collectors. They gained hereditary power and eventually replaced the khan as supreme ruler.
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Who was Alexander Nevsky?
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Was an insignificant prince of Moscow who in 1252 became adept at serving the MOngols
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What two factors influenced the idea that the tsar was the absolute ruler and had autocracy
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Ivan III felt strong enough to stop acknowledging the khan as ruler and the tsars saw themselves as the only true holy rulers. "holy Russia" "Third Rome"
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Which group did Ivan III reduce the power of and replace their power to?
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The boyard nobility. Their power was given to the new serivce nobility who held the tsar's land and served in the tsar's army
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Why and how did Ivan IV reduce the power of the boyard nobility?
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Ivan IV hated the nobility with which he conflicted over power and balmed for his wife's death. He would kill their relatives and peasants and soon enforced more power in the service nobility
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Who were the Cossacks?
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Peasants who fled to the widl because of the increasing demands of the nobles and the tsar-they formed free groups and outlaw armies
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How were the merchents dependent on the tsar?
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The tsar believed that commercial acitivty was in his hands-and would tax them resentleslly and royally monopolize Russian trade and the class
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The Year of 1598-1613 were called the "Time of Troubles", why?
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Ivan the Terrible's son Theodore had died leaving no heir. Cossack bands were revolting and calling for the true tsar. Ivan Bolotnikov rallied peasants and attacked nobility/
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What was the result of the religioius reforms introduced in 1652 in Russia?
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There was great protest and upheaval. A great number of people left the church and were called "Old Believers"
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Who was Stenka Razin?
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He was a fighter in the Cossacks revolt who brought peasants together to kill government officials and landlords-he wanted freedom from the oppression.
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Many historians believed that Peter was trying to westernize Russia, how can you truly explain his "westernizing"
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He wasnt trying to westernize Europe but rather create a strong army using strong European armies' ideas.
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Who did Peter the Great enter into a secret alliiance with to fight in a war with this country?
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Peter the Great formed into an alliance with Denmark against Sweden-which held great territory and had a strong army
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Which ruler ruled Sweden in 1700 and surprised Peter the Great with his military genius? Which country did he defeat in 1700?
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Charles XII & Denmark
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Describe the Great Northern War.
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War between Peter the Great of Russia and Charles XII of Sweden. Eventually Russia won in 1721. [1700-1721
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What were some of Peter the Great's reforms?
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Peter the Great required every noblemen to serve in the army for life, created schools, and education for all, and civilan bureaucracy, and flow of Western ideas flowed in because of need of technology.
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What were some of the influences of the baroque art style?
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The baroque culture grew out of the revitalized Catholic church of the later 16th century. The Jesuits encouraged an emotional art-spread throughout Europe especially representing absolute power.
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What were some of the styles of the new baroque royal cities?
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Broad avenues, government buildings, and mathematical layouts
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Describe how St. Petersburg reflected the ties of politics, architecture, and urban development in this period
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The city was very grand and big representing absolute monarchies strength. The city was also very modern and was separated into parts based on class.
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Who bore the main bulk of the labor for the building of St. Petersburg?
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The peasants who were drafted and werent paid for their works
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What was the religious view of medieval Europe and early modern Europe?
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primarily religous and theological
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What two studies was the heart of the scientific revolution?
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astronomy and philosophy
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What were the basic beliefs of Aristotle?
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Earth was motionless, Earth was surrounded by 10 crystal spheres. He bleievbed that the sublunar world was made of four imperfect changable elements: light [air, fire] and heavy [water and earth]
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Why did Aristotle's views remain with little modifications?
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1) Provided reasonable explanation for what the eye could see 2) Fit into Christian doctrines
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What was the book Copernicus wrote and what was the Copernican hypothesis?
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On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres-stars were motionless, earth rotated around the sun [heliocentric] and universe was of large size, and earth was just another planet
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How did the Protestants and the Catholics view Copernican hypothesis?
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The Protestants believed he was a fool while the Catholics in 1616 declared fasle
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