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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the greatest medical success in the late eighteenth century?
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The innoculation of small pox by Edward Jenner
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What did Spain do with its Churches?
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Spain asserted state control with the Inquisitoin and creating a national church
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The Protestant revival began in Germany and was known as Pietism-what were the thee aspects of its appeal?
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1) Pietism called for a warm emotional religious experience 2) reasserted stress on priesthood of believers 3) Rebirth for everyday affairs
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What were the views of John Weley? What did they lead to?
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Methodists and he bleieved anyone could reach salvation
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What was Carnival?
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A time of religiosu celebratio nand popular recreation through festibals-preceded Lent
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What were blood sports?
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Sports such as bull bating nad cockfighting that remained popular with the masses-was entertainment
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What were the two ideas fueuling the revolutionary period in America and Europe?
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Liberty and equality
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What was liberty?
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A call for individual human rights
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What was sovereignty?
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Power-during the American and French Revolution believed that the people had sovereignty
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What was the idea of equality?
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That citizens should have equal rights and liberties and nobility had no special rights
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What were some of the beliefs of the liberals?
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All men should be able to vote, there should be no economic equality
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Who were the two most important Enlightenment thinkers in the call for liberty and equality?
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John Locke and baron de Montesqueu. Locke believed in representative government while Montesquieu believed in separation of powers
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Who were the bourgeoisis?
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The prosperous educated middle class
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What was representative government to the Enlightened thinkers?
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Voting for representative who owned property
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What were the causes of the American revolution?
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Taxation by the British because of the cost of war and maintaining a standing army
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What was the Stamp Act?
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Act which levied taxes on a long list of commercial and legal documents, diplomas, pamphlets, newspaper, almanacs, dice, and playing acard
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What were some of the questions that America had during the Revolution?
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Who should represent the Americans? Did the British have the right to deal with American affairs and tax?
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What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party?
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Was caused because the British government had allowed the East India Compnay to ship its teea from Chnda direcityl to its ageents in Colonies wrather than through London who sold to independent merchants in the colonies-thus the trading company secured monopoly over tea trade.
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What was the Covercive Acts?
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The Coervice Acts closed the port of Boston, curtailed local elections and town meetings, and gave more power to royal governor
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In September 1774 the First Continetal Congress met in Philadelphia to discuss what?
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The Crown's influence overAmerica and a call for independence from the Crown
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Who wrote Common Sense and what was the point of the book?
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Thomas Paine and said that a big country [America] shouldnt be ruled by a small island
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What happened on July 4, 1776 at the Second Continental Congress?
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The writing of the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson which listed the tyrannical acts of George III
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What was the division in America during the American Revolution?
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Division between the Loyalists who were wealthy and politically moderate and the Patriots who were farmers, artisans, and some wealthy men wo wanted to help America
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Which country decided to help America in the American Revolution?
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France-brought supplies and men into America
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Who was marquis de Lafayette?
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He was a French soldier who became George Washington's second hand man. During the French Revolution he was appointed the chief commander of the city's armed foces
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How did the other European countries help America fight for independence?
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France brought troops and supplies. Spain and Netherlands declared war on England and Russia organized the League of Armed Neutrality to protect shipping rights
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What was Montesquieu's checks and balances?
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The executive, legislative, and judicial branches would balance each others
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After the War of Independence which two groups had conflict in America?
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The federalists [who wanted to create a central government] and the anti-federalists who feared they would lose their freedoms
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What was the affect of the Federalists compromise to the anti-federalists?
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First ten amendments to the Constituion and basic freedoms
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What was classic liberalism?
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Individual freedoms and political safeguards: representative government
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What was the effect of the American revolution on the French officers
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The American revolution gave the French hope for change and this hope later spread to the revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution
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How did the French revolution differ from the American revolution.
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French revolution was far more radical and had a greater impact on Europe then the American revolution
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What was the origin of the French revolution.
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The origin of the French revolution was the financial difficulties of the government
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many other countries suffered from debt during the late 1790's what was significant about France's debt
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The king was weak and couldnt declare the state bankrupt. Also there was no national bank and they couldnt print their own oney
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How was France's citizens divided into
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Estates
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Nae the three estates in france and the people that followed in the.
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The clergy were the first estate, the nobility were the second estates, and the third esate was the commoners and the middle class
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What were manorial rights
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privileges of lordship going back to the medieval times which allowed the nobility to tax the peasantry for profit along with hunt and fish
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Who were the bourgeoisie and during the eighteenth century what happened to them
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The borgeoisie were the cofortable ebers of the third estate or middle class-their size tripled and they grew wealthier and more confident
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it was believed that many of the bourgeoisie had fueded with the nobility, however is this entirely true.
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The bourgeoisie did have fueds with the nobility, however there were also feuds inside of their own classes-the nobility and bourgeoisie were often bonded through arriage because of their wealth
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What event ultimately started the French revolution
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Louis XVI's inister of finance wanted to impose taxes but the assembly of notables were against this idea-they decided that they must call on the Estates General for the approval of this taxing system
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When the assembly of notables stated that the Estates General must be called, how did Louis XVI react
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Louis XVI disissed the notables and established new taxes. This upset the judges of the Parleent of Paris which prompted them to say the king was null-the king tried to exile the judges which caused protest in Paris
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Describe the members of the Third Estate being elected right before the year of 1789
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The members were well eduacated propserous members of the middle class
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What did most of the Third Estate agree on when it came to change
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They wanted a constitutional monarchy, laws and taxes requiring consent of Thirt Estate, individual liberties
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What was the basic unfairness in the voting of the Estates general
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For anything to be ratified it must be approved by 2/3 of the house-so only nobility and clergy [1st and 2nd] estate could make radical changes
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What did many of the members of the Third Estate want to change when it came to voting in the Estates General
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Want there to be national assembly where each person had equal say
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What did Joseph Sieyes argue in 1780 in his paphlet What is the Third Estate
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That the nobility were a minority and the true strength lied in the third estate
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On June 17, 178 what did parish priests do at the Estates General which dramatically changed French history
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They declared themselves part of the Third Estate and called theselves the National Assembly
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What was the Tennis Court Oath
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An oath pledging not to disband until there was a written constitution
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What was happening to grain prices in 1788 and how did this effect the poor and working class
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The working class depended largely on grain and with poor harvest tthe prices rose so the poor could barely afford food
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What did the poor and laboring class want fro the government
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They wanted fair grain prices
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On June 14, 1789 what significant event happened at Bastille
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The people fored a crowd and oved towards Bastille to gain weapons and gunpowder-this riot was caused by the fear that the king was going to sack the city of Paris
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What was the Great Fear
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The Great Fear was the any r iots thorughout France caused by fear of the kings power and sacking of Paris and high grain prices. Also by peasants who were tryign to free theselves from manorial rights and exploitation
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What did the duke of Aiguillon declare [he was one of France's greatest noble landowers]
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Equal taxation and ending of feudal rights
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On August 27, 178 the Declaration of the Rights of man was declared, what was this famous document
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This was the basic constitution that gave the basic liberties and freedoms for the people--along with representative governent
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What significant event happened on October 5, 1789 to the women in Paris
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The women in Paris stormed Versailles because of the anger of grain prices and ecnoic crises.
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What was the effect of the Paris storming Versailles-that ultimately helped write the constitution figuring out how much power the king should have
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The storming of Versailles pushed the king and his wife, marie antoinette to live in Paaris under the control of the people of Paris
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In June 1790 Louis XVi accepted what type of monarchy
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Constitutional monarchy
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During the early stages of French revolution [1790's] women were given basic rights including what
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The right to divorce, inherit property, obtain financial support from fathers of illegitimate children
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Were women given the right to vote after the declaration of a constitutional monarchy in France 1790, if not why.
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Women were not allowed to vote because men believed that women should be limited to child rearing and domesetic duties-also many of the men believed that the corruption of government was caused by the women who would manipulate the men
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How did the formation of the National Assembly affect religion
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Led to religious freedom for the Protestants and the Jews-abolished monasteries and they used church property as collateral
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What were assignats
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New paper currency which was developed from the selling of monasteries
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How did the French government aqnd the Catholic church differ during the 1790's
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The French government was suspicious of the church and tried to establish a national church to take control-this cuased deep division between the country and clergy and was first big failure of the revolution
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What did Edmund Burke write, and what did he believe
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He wrote Reflections on the Revolution and defeneded inherited privileges and believed that the reforms would lead to tyranny and chaos
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What did mary Wollstoncraft write and believe
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She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of an and believed the should rid of the sexual inequality and women were half the population and deserved to be recognized. She called for coeducation and enter in politics
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What did Olype de Gourges write and believe in
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She wrote Declaration on the Rights of Women and believed that women deserved equal rights
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What was the Declaration of Pillnitz
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The Declaration of Pillnitz basically was Austrai and Prussia stating they would intervene in certain circumstances if the revolution got out of hand
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Who were the Jacobins
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The Jacobins were a group of well educated, prosperous, iddle class men who now made up the National Assembly
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What did the majority of Jacobins believe they needed to do to keep their liberalism
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Declare war on the kings-few believed in peace to keep this liberalism
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On April 1792 who did France declare war against
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Francis II, Habsburg onarch
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What was the outcome and events that happened during the French war with Austria in 1792
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Austria gained forces with Prussia [forming First Coalition and France was losing-however because of the Eastern European problems with Poland France was saved fro defeat
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What did a revolutionary crowd do in Tuileries on August 10, 1792
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The revolutionary crowd attacked the palace and the king and his family fled to the Legislative Assebly where they were held in jail
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What was the Second Revolution in France
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The second part of the revolution that occured after the fall of the monarchy
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What were the September massacres
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The September massacres was wild stories said about the aristocracy and priests which led to mass panic and the invasion of prions in Paris and slaughtering of the prisoners
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What did the new republic in France [formed during the Second Revolution] try to do to change popular culture
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Form a new calendar, make people address with thou, democratic festivals-basically root away religious ideas and replace with secular
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What were the two groups that led the National Convention
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The Girondists and the mountain [led by Robespierre and Georges Danton] There was also the plain who went between the two groups
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Who said 'I a innocent and shall die without fear. I would that my death ight bring happiness to the French, and ward off the dangers which I forsee'
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Louis XVI on January 1793 right before his death
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What did both the Girondists and mountain want to fight against
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Tyranny-or absolute monarchy
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In 1792 how did the army change and what territories did the French ary conquer
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The army had stronger revolutionary fever-conquered Prussians, Savoy, Nice, German Rhineland, and the Austrian Netherlands
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Who did the French beat in the Battle of Valmy on September 1792
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Prussians
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Who did the National Convention in France declare war on in February 1793
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Spain, Holland, Britain
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Who were the sans culottes
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They were the laboring poor and petty traders
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The sans culottes joined with which political group in the National Convention to drive out which politcal group
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Joined with the mountain to drive out the Girondists
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What was the Committee of Public Safety
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The Committee of Public Saftey was a Committee which the National Convention gave dictorial powers to deal with a national emergency
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What were the components of the planned economy planned by Robespierre and the mountain
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The planned econoy set maximum allowable prices and fixed bread prices and worked to produce arms and munitions for war efforts
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What was the Reign of Terror
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Were special courts ruled by Robespierre and friends who tried to control and persecute all rebels for political crimes
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What was the idea of nationalism
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The idea of nationalism was that people with a common language and tradition were loyal to their country [found in France during revolution]
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What did the quote 'No maneuvering, nothing elaborate, Just cold steel, passion, and patriotism'
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The new techniques of the French army which was strongly nationalistic and united and large in size-very victories during the Revolution
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What was the Thermidorian Reaction
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The lashback on the rules of Robespierre where many of his new rules backfired and his supporters went against him-hated the new despotism formed by him-led to his death
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What was the effect of the execution of Robespierre
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Robespierre's execution led to the collapse of econoic controls and inflation which hurt the poor very hard
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After the fall of Robespierre how was the government [1795] formed
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Was formed into five man executive known as the Directory
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What was the use of the war for the Directory
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The war was used to provide employment and swolve economic problems
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What significant event happened on November 9, 1799
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Napoleon and others took down the Directory
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Why did many of the people wnat to take down the Directory
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Because the Directory was a weakn dictatorship
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What was the Civil Code of 1804
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The Civil Code of 1804 stated the euqality of all male citizens before hte law and absolute security of wealth and private property
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What did Napoleon and the leading bankers of Paris establish
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Privately owned Bank of France
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Who did Napoleon grant amnesty to from 1800 and 1802
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The emigres who took an oath of loyalty
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How did Napoleon heal the religious division to unite the Catolhic church in France
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He signed the Concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII which gave French Catholics religious freedo and Napoleon could nominate and pay clergy
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How did the Napoleonic rule affect women
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Women lost rights they had gained in the 1790's-women were made independent and couldnt have bank accounts
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What was the basic idea of the family monarchy
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Power of the husband and father was as absoltue over the wife and the children as that of Napoleon was over his subjects
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Who was Joseph Fouche
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The man Napoleon left in cahrge to take care of the French state-he organized a police state-and spied on citizens
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What was the Treaty of Luneville [1801]
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The Treaty of Luneville was the treaty where Austria accepted the loss of the Italian possessions and Geran territory
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What was the Treaty of Amiens [1802]
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The treaty Napoleon made which stated peace with Britain
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What was the Battle of Trafalgar
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Battle where Napoleon was defeated by Britain's naval forces-1805
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What was the Battle of Trafalgar
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Battle where Napoleon was defeated by Britain's naval forces-1805
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What was the Battle of Trafalgar
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Battle where Napoleon was defeated by Britain's naval forces-1805
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Who made up the Third Coalition
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Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden
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What happened at the Battle of Austerlitz
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The French scored a victory against the Russians and Austria [1805]
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