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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the effect of the Franco-Prussia War and the founding of the German empire on European affairs
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Bismarck had effectively created Prussia, the weakest of the Great Powers into the most powerful European states
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What is meant that after 1871 Germany was a "satisfied" power
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It meant that Bismarck had no territorial ambitions and only wanted peace
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What did Bismarck want to do with France
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He wanted to keep France isolated and wihtout military allies
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Which were the threats to the east in the eyes of Bismarck
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Austria-Hungary and Russia
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Which issue did the Austrian-Hungarians and the Russians deal with?
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The conflicts with the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire
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What was Bismarck's solution to restrain both Russia and Austria-Hungary and to isolate a hostile France
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create a system of alliances
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Three Emperor's League
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Linked monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in an alliance in 1873.
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Why did Russia leave the Three Emperor's League in 1878
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Bismarck had continued to try to keep peace between Britain and Russia/Russia and Austria but at the Congress of Vienna when Bismarck tried to keep peace this angered Russia
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After Russia left the Three Emperor's League, what did Germany do
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Form a military alliance with Austria against Russia which lasted until 1918
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Why did Italy join the German and Austrian alliance in 1882 forming the Triple Alliance
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Because of tensions with France
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In 1881 what was Bismarck able to do with Austria and Russia
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Form a secret alliance with them
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When did the Alliance of the Three Emperors end
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1887
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Why did Russia in 1887 decline to renewing the Alliance of the Three Emperors
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Because of tensions in the Balkans
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What was the Russian-German Reinusrance Treaty
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Crafted by Bismarck stated tht both states promised neutrality if the other was attacked
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What did Emperor William II do in 1890 and why
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He dismissed Bismarck because of his friendly policy towards Russia since the 1870;s
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What was the affect of William II not renewing the Russian German Reinsurance Treaty, even though Russia was willing to
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Isolated France formed an alliance with Russia where Alexander III of Russia welcomed this agreement
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What were the two rival blocs in Europe
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Austria, Germany, Italy=Triple Alliance, vs. France and Russia who had become military allies in 1894
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Explain Britain's situation in the alliance system [detailed]
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Britain was happy being isolated and was the only uncommited Great Power in 1891
Britain was unlikely to form alliance with France or Russia because there were conflicts with these countries around the world because of the new imperialism Germany and Britain had common similarities [racially related BGermanic and Anglo-Saxlon] however there was also a rivalry caused by the growth of Germany in the Industrial Revolution and William II's pursuit of world power-in 1900 Germany expanded its battle feleet which posed a problem for the British |
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Which two countries did Britain from around 1900-1902 form better relations/allaince
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United States and in 1902 Japan
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Describe the relationship of Britain and Theophile Delcasse [define who this is] and what did this lead to
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Delcasse was France's skillful foreing minister. France accepted British rule in Egypt and British supported French plans to dominate Morocco-led to the Anglo French Entente
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What year was the Anglo-French Entente-what was it?
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1904 was the treaty between Britain [who would help France dominate Morocco] and France [who recognized British rule in Egypt] which ended colonial disputes between the two countries
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Germany do in 1905 because of Morroco
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Germany was angry at the alliance bweteen Britain and France and decided to hold an internaitonl conference about Morocco which pushed France and Britaain together
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Germany do in 1905 because of Morroco
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Germany was angry at the alliance bweteen Britain and France and decided to hold an internaitonl conference about Morocco which pushed France and Britaain together
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What was the result of the Algeciras Conference of 1906
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France and Britain were closer together while Germany was isolated [except Austria]
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Which countries began to see Germany as a potential threat that would try to dominate Europe
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France, Britain, Russia, United States
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What did Russia do in 1907 after losing the war with Japan and the revolution of 1905
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Agreed to settle quarrels with Great Britain in Persion and Cnetral Asia and form the Anglo-Russian agreement
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What heightented tensions in 1907-caused by German's decision to....
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add a alrge, enormously expensive fleet of big gun battleships to its navy
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Who was Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and hat did he do
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German nationalist who believed that a large navy was the legitimate mark of a great world power and as a source of pride and patriotic unity
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What did David Lloyd George think about German's new navy
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Saw it as a detestable military challenge which forced them to psend the "People's Budget" on battleships instead of social welfare
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What did journalists and speical interests group see Germany vs. the other European dominating countries as
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That the healthy competition in foreign trade and investment was economic warfare
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Why was war in the Balkans inevitable
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Nationalism was destroying the Ottoman Empire in Europe and threatening to break up the Austro-Hungarian empire
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In 1875 what had widespread nationalist rebelliion in the Ottoman Empire lead to
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Turkish repression, Russian intervention, and Great Power tensions
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What happened to
-Bosnia -Herzegovina -Serbia -Romania -Bulgaria at the Congress of Berlin |
Bosnia and Herzegovina were occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary, Serbia and Romania won independence, part of Bulgaria won local autonomoy
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Which country in 1903 led Balkan nationlaims
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Serbia
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Why did the Serbs look for Russia's support
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The Russians were a stronger force of Slavs which the Serbs were also Slavic people
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What did Austria-Hungary do in 1908to block Serbian expansion and take advantage of Russia
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annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Describe the events of the First Balkan War
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-Started in 1912 when Serbia joined Greece and Bulgaria to attack Ottoman Empire and quarrel with Bulgaria over spoils of victory
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Describe the events of hte Second Balkan War
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-Caused by Serbia arguing with Bulgaria over spoils of war in 1913
-Austria intervened in 1913 and forced Serbia to give up Albania---Ottoman Empire was destroyed |
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What happened on June 28, 1914 to this prominent Austrian and Hungarian figure
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand who was heir to Austrian and Hungarian throne and wife Sohpie were assinated by Serbian revolutionaries during their visit to Bosnian capital of Sarajevo
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On July 23 Austria-Hungary felt Serbia should be punished for assination of Ferdinand, what did Austria do to punish them
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Gave them a 48 hour ultimatum where they would have to agree to demand s that would amount to eding control of the Serbian state
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What did Austria do on July 28, 1914
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Mobolize and declare war on Serbia
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What was a significant factor in the "Third Balkan War"
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Germany's support: William II and Theoballd von Bethmann-Holllweg urged Austrian aggression although they realized war between Austria and Russia could happen
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What did Bethmann Hollweg hope would happen in the Third Balkan War
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Russia and France would fight but Great Britain would remain neutral
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Which country would take longest to mobilize its army: Germany, Austria, or Russia?
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Russia because it was a vast country
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What did Russia realize would happen if they told its armies to mobilize
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Russia would have to mobilize against Germany and Austria-Hugnary and on July 29, 1914 declared a general war
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What was the initial plan of Germany for fighting the war
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Knocking out France with a lightning attack through netural Belgium and then turning on Russia
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What did General Helmuth von Moltke demand on August 2, 1914
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That the Belgians allow German armies to pass through
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Why ddi Belgium not permit Germany to passs through
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The Treaty of 1839 made Belgium netural against all the great states-however Germany still attacked
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Why did Great Britain join the War
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They were angered by Germany invading Belgium [August 4, 1914]
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Many historians place blame on Austria-Hungary which started the war and Germany which goaded Austria and was so aggressive that Britain joined the war, what was the causes of Britain's aggression
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After Bismarck resigned in 1890 the leaders felt Germany's power was declining while Britain, France, Russia, and United States were growing in power
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Who were the Triple Entente and what were they doing to Germany
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Great Britain, France, Russia-checking Germany's aspiration and strangling Austria-Hungary who was Germany's only allaine
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What were the social and domestic reasons for Germany's aggression in the war
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The growth of the socialism movement-the ruling class was hoping war would stop the growth of socialism
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What was the strongest underlying idea of the Great War
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Nationalism!!
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Why were the people s supportive of the war
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They beleived that war would lead to the stop of socialism, strong nationalism feelings made them feel that other countyries had wronged theirs
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What is meant by "The boys will be home by Christmas"
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Many people felt taht the war would be short, for urban society rested on the food and raw materials of the world economy
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What did the Belgium army do in repsonse to German invasionq
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Vigorously defend their homeland and joined British army corps
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What happened on September 6 at the Battle of Marne
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The French attacked a gap in the German line and France protected Paris from being invaded
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After both the French army and German army were stalled what did they
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Build trenches to protect themselves and sit behind trenches and barbed wire
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What was effect of trench warfare
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The army was gaining only minuscule area
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Who was Erich Remarque
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Wrote All Quiet on the Western Front about the horrors of war
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What happened between the Russians and Germans
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At the Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 the Russians were badly defeated and never threatened Germany again
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In 1915 how many Russians were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner
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2.5 million...
WAR IS HORRIBLE! |
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Why was it shocking that Italy joined the war in 1915
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The Italians switched from the Triple Alliance and had reminaed netural to the Triple Entente in promise of Austrian territory
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What did the Ottoman Empire do in October 1914
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Join Austria and Germany and form Central pOWERS
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What did the Balkans, with the exception of Greece, come to be during the Great War
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Be occupied by the Central Powers
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Which country in the Middle East was badly hurt by the War
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Armenia-who lived on both borders of the R ussians and the Ottomans-a million Armenians died from mruder, stravation, and disease during World War I
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Who was Lawrence of Arabia
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An enigmatic British colonel who helped lead the Arab's to revolt against their Turkis overloads in early 1917
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Who badly hurt the Ottoman Empire in 1918
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The Egpytian forces along with forces from Australia, New Zealand, and India
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What did the colonial subjects of the British and France generally do-which surprised the Germans during the war
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They supported their masters-provided crucial supplies and fighting in Europe and Ottoman Empire
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What happened in April 1917
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The United States declared war on Germany
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Why did the United States declare war on Germany
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Because of sympathy for the Triple Entente, althoughthe Americans were annoyed at Britain and France's naval blockade to strangle the Central Powers they were angry at the German attrocties in Belgium
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What weapon did Germany use in early 1915
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The submerine
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What was the Luistania
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The British passenger liner that the German's sunk that carried arms and munitions and killed 1000-139 Americans-passengers which President Woodrow Wilsion was very agaisnt
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Why did Germany stop using submarine warrfare after 1915 for almost two years
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They feared war with the United States
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What did the German military command do in early 1917
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They used submarines that they believed would hurt the British, while the United States wouldnt be able to intervene
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Each country during the war demanded a large number of what two things
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Men and weapons
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What is total war
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When countries begin to plan and control economic and social life to create a war with the total effor of the country
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What were effects of the Total WWar
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free market capitalism was abondanded, rationing, price and wage controls, restrictions on worker's freedom of movement
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What did the economoy of total war blur the distinction between
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Battlefields and civilians at home
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Why and what did the ability of governments to manage and control highly complicated economies strengthen
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Sociialism-for socialism became a reality rather than a blueprint for a utopian program
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Who was Walter Rathenau and what did he do
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Was a talented Jewish industrialist who was in charge of German's largest electric company who convinced teh government to set up the War Raw Materials Board to ration and distribute raw material-used substitutes to make explosive and recycled materials for war efforts
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How was food rationed
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Was rationed by physical need
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What was the effect of Germany failing to tax the war profits of private firms heavily enough
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Led to massive deficit financing, inflation, growth of a black market, and re emeregence of class conflict
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What happened to Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg in 1917
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He was driven out of office and repalced by Hindenburg and Lundendoroff
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What was the Auxiliary Service Law
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Required all males between 17 and 60 to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort
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What was the affect of the war on women
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Women now wokred in war factories, ines, steel mills, and lived on about one thousand caloresi a day
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Why was Great Britain encouraged for total war less then Germany
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It could import materials from its empire and from the United States
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What did Ministry of Munitions under David Lloyd do in 1915
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The ministry organized private industry to produce for the war, controlled profits ,allocated labor, fixed wage rates, and settled labor disputes
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What did the war create a large demand for [besides soldiers/weapons]
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workers-jobs were available for everyone`
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How did the war create greatere power and prestige for labor unions
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They were loyal to war governments whih allowed labor leaders and unions to enter into war governments
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What did the war greatly expand for women
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Range of women's activities and changed attitudes
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What did Britain, Germany, and Austria do after the war [relating to women]
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Grant women the right to vote
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Which class benefited the most in Britain because of the war
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Bottom third of the population because of labor shortages
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What did the governments do to maintain popular support for the war
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Use crude and subtle propaganda and control public opinion
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Under the strain of war in the spring of 1916 people were beginning to crack-give examples in Ireland and in Berlin
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IN Ireland nationalists in Dublin tried to rise against British rule-the revolt was crushed. IN Berliin Karl Liebknecht stated down with war and was arrested and imprisoned but made an impact
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What happened to soldiers morale after 1917
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Declined!
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Who was Georges Clemenceau and what did he do
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he was a wartime leader in November 1917 for Francewhere he established a virtual dictatorshiip and jailing anyone who wanted a peace with Germany
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What happened to Austria in the tough year of 1916
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Cheif minister was assinated, Francis Joseph died, and the country and army were exhausted
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Describe the internal conflict in Germany in 1916
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The socialists in Reichstag wanted to end the war while the conservatives didnt want to, also the bread ration went further down and there were revolts
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How did the different groups in Russia view war
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Tsar: Nicholas II wanted to gain Russia's prestige back
Duma: voted war credits Conservatives: expansion in the Balkans liberals and socialists: with help of Britain and France there would be democratic reforms |
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Why did the Russians have such terrible losses
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They ran out of supplies of shells and ammunition and they were hurt by the German armies
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What did the Duma and the organs of local governmentdo to improve war effort
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They made special commitees to coordinate defense, industry, transportation, and agriculture
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What was Russia's [country,not army] main weakness during the Great War
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Leadership; Tsar Nicholas II failed to form a close partnership with his citizens rather he relied on bureaucratic appartus, instead of trusting the Duma
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What happened to the Duma in 1915
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The Duma demanded a more democratic and responsive government that was responsible to the Duma instead of tsar and NIcholas adjourned the Duman and announced he was travleing with troops
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After Nicholas II left Russia what happened to its ruling
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His wife Tsarina Alexandra tried to take over-she was strongly influenced by her firend Grigori also knonw as Rasputin
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What happened in December 1916
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Three members of high aristocracy murdered Rasputin
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Wahat did the women do in Russia on March 8 1916
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Called for bread in Petrograd and started riots in factories and throughout city-unitl the soldiers started to join the revolution-the Duma then on March 12, 1917 declared a provisional government
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How did each class respond to the newly declared provisional government in Russia
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All classes wanted a democarcy and liberty, the conservatives felt that the war effort would improve while the workers hoped for better wages and food
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What did both liberal and moderate socialist leaders of the provisional government reject
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Social revolution
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Who was Alexander Kerensky
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He was the rpime minister in July 1917 in Russia-he refused to confiscate large landholdings and feareed drastic action because he wanted to focus more on the war effort then on reforms
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What was the Petrograd Soviet
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was rival of the provisional government-known as Workers and Soldier's Deputies-huge mass of wokers, soldiers, and sociliast intellectuals who were suspicious of the provisional governemnt and issued own radical orders
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What was Army Order No. 1
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Made by the Petrograd Soviet it stripped officesr of their atuhority and palced power in the hands of elected committes of common soliders-led to collapse of army discpline
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What were the three interrelated ideas that were central for Vladimir Lenin
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1] Lenin stressed that capitalism could only be destroyed by violent revolution
2] under certain conditions a socialist revolution was possible in a backwards country-because peasants were poor and potential revolutionaries 3] emphasized the necesitty of a highly disciplined worker's party which was strictly controlled by a dedicated elite of intellectuals and full time revolutioanries who saw the long term goals |
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What were the conflicting ideas between Lenin and other Russian socialists
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Lenin wante d a small disciplined elite party while others wated a democratic party with mass membership
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What was the faction of Marxism socialism in Russia
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The Bolsheviks [majority group] and Mensheviks [minority group]
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What did Lenin think about the Great War
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It was a product of the new impoerialism rivalries and a marvelous opportunity for class war and socialist upheaval
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Why did the Germans support Lenin
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Thery hoped thata Lenin would undermine the sagging war effort of Russia
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What happened when Lenin came to Russia in April 1917
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He didnt join the provisional government and formed radical slogans, when he tried to seize power in July he went into hiding and war cahrged of being a Geramn agent
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What was Kerensky and Kornilov's involvement with Lenin
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Kerensky was the prime minister of Germany while Lavr Kornilov was the commander in chief and they both helf attack against the provisional government in September-leading to the Bolsheviks being rearmed and redeemed and Kerensky lost credit with the army
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Who was Leon Trotsky
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Was a spellbinding revolutioanry orator and independent radical Marxist who brilliantly executed the Bolshevik seizure of power
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What did Trotsky convince the Petrograd Soviet to form
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A special military r evolutioanry committee and make him leader
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What did Trotsky insidt the Bolshevicks do to reduce opposition to their coup
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Take power not in the name of the Bolsheviks but in the name of the more popular and democratic soviets
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What were the three reasons that the Bolsheviks came to power
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1] The democracy had given way to anarchy
2] Lenin and Trotsky had an utterly detemrined and truly superior leadership which the tsarist government and provisional government lacked 3] the Bolsheviks appealed to soldiers and urban workers who dispised the war |
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Why was it ironic that in 1917 Lenin gave land to the peasants
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Throughout 1917 the peasants were already sweeping across Russia dividing the land-he just seemed to give them what they wanted
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What did urban workers demand in Nobember 1917
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direct control of individual factories by local worker committees
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Unlike many of his colleagues what did Lenin acknowledge about the war
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Russia had already lost to Germany
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What did Germany demand Russia to do in December 1917
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Give up its western territories
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At first the Bolsheviks wouldnt accept Russian loss, why did they later accept in March 1918
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The Germans marched in Russia in February and Russians accepted loss
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What was the result of Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918
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1/3 of old Russians population was part of Germany
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What did the Bolsheviks now call themselves
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Communists
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The Bolsheviks had cleary proclaimed their regime only a provisional wokrers and peasants government promising that a freely eledcted _______ would draw up a new constitution
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Constituent Assembly
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Which group had a clear majority during a free election in 1917/1918
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The Socialist Revolutionaries-the peasants' party
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The Constituent Assembly met on January 18, 1918 and then was what
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Disbanded by Bolshevik soldiers under Lenin's rule
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What did the people who had risen for rebellion in Nobember see
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They were getting dictatorship again
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What is meant in 1918 gby the "Whites" and "Reds"
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Whites were groups united by hatred to the Bolsheviks or the Reds
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Although it seemed the White Armies were going to triumph over the Red, they didnt-why?
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White Armies were defated because although they came close the Bolsheviks were able ot maneuver past them
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In 1921 what did the Communists conquer
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Independent natioanlist governments of the Caucasus
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Name some of the reasons that Lenin and the Bolshevisk defeated the Whites
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1] the Whites were disunited
2] Whites were conservative and didnt create a democratic banner 3] Communists had better army |
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What were some examples of Trotsky, who in March 1918 was war commissionar
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Soldiers who were deserting or disobeying were shot-there was a draft, and used tsarist army officers
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What was war communism?
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The applicaiton of the toal war concept to a civil conflict-seizing grains from peasants, introducing rationing, nationalizing all banks and industry, requirng all to work-maintained labor discipline
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What was the Cheka
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Old tsarist secret police who were reestablished and hunted down and executed thousands of real or supposed foes
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