Ap Biology Flashcards

Front 1

Glycosidic Bonds

Back 1

between two glucose molecules, formed by condensation/dehydration synthesis

Front 2

Ester Linkage

Back 2

trigyceride bond between glycerol and fatty acids

Front 3

Miller & Urey Experiment

Back 3

Combine primordial chemicals and zapped them to stimulate lightning and synthesized amino acids

Front 4

Plasma Membrane

Back 4

Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral Proteins
Integral proteins
transmembrane proteins

Front 5

Nucleus

Back 5

Contains chromosomes
nucleoulus, where rRna and ribosomes are made/assembled

Front 6

Ribosomes

Back 6

Protein synthesis, attach to Rough ER

Front 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 7

Rough ER holds ribosomes to make proteins
Smooth ER makes lipids, steroids, hormones and breaks down toxins

Front 8

Golgi body

Back 8

packages products like proteins inside of vesicles and transports them to the membrane, etc.

Front 9

Mitochondria

Back 9

make ATP

Front 10

Lysosome

Back 10

clean up & breakdown particles, old organelles, debris

Front 11

Centriole

Back 11

found in microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), produce microtubules in cell division (which pull apart chromosomes)
Not found in plants

Front 12

Vacuole

Back 12

sacs to store food, water, salts, pigments
contains cell sap in plants

Front 13

Peroxisome

Back 13

detoxify substances such as peroxides
common in liver and kidney

Front 14

Cytoskeleton

Back 14

holds cell together and maintain cell shape

Front 15

Microtubules

Back 15

made of tubulin
important for flagellae/cilia, and for centrioles

Front 16

Microfilaments

Back 16

contain actin
important for movement, muscle contraction

Front 17

Chitin

Back 17

makes up fungal cell wall

Front 18

Endocytosis

Back 18

cells taking in

Front 19

Pinocytosis

Back 19

"cell drinking," taking in liquids

Front 20

Phagocytosis

Back 20

"cell eating," taking in solids

Front 21

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 21

ligands bond to clathrin-covered receptor proteins on cell surface, which causes a pit to form and ligand to be taken in via endocytosis

Front 22

Exocytosis

Back 22

cells excreting
large waste or hormones are secreted within a vesicle

Front 23

Bulk flow

Back 23

one way movement of fluids due to pressure (like blood flow or fluids in plant xylem/phloem)

Front 24

Dialysis

Back 24

diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 25

Cell junctions

Back 25

connections between cells

Front 26

Tight junction

Back 26

tight connections between animal cells to prevent leakage, such as in blood vessels

Front 27

Desmosomes

Back 27

'rivet' together animal cells with protein strands that go through the cell

Front 28

Gap junctions

Back 28

Allow communication & transportation between animal cells

Front 29

Bioenergetics

Back 29

How cells store and use energy, how energy is transformed

Front 30

Subtrate

Back 30

A molecule targeted by an enzyme
-Substrates bind to the enzyme at the active site
-Sometimes enzyme has to modify its shape, called induced fit

Front 31

Aerobic Respiration

Back 31

Makes ATP in presence of O2
Net result: 36 ATP

Front 32

Glycolysis

Back 32

glucose split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
occurs in cytoplasm

Front 33

Acetyl CoA formation

Back 33

In cytoplasm
2 CO2 released

Front 34

Krebs Cycle

Back 34

In mitochondrial matrix
Each acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid

Front 35

Oxidation phosphorylation

Back 35

Inner mitochondial membrane
electron transport chain
Oxygen is last electron receptor

Front 36

Chemiosmosis

Back 36

Hydrogen ions pumped across membrane to make proton gradient
Diffuse across membrane to power ATP synthase

Front 37

Anaerobic respiration

Back 37

glucose forms lactic acid in most organisms
glucose forms ethanol by fermentation in yeast and some bacteria

Front 38

Cuticle

Back 38

Waxy, produced by upper epidermis to protect against water loss

Front 39

Palisade Parenchyma

Back 39

below upper epidermis, contains lots of chloroplasts

Front 40

Spongy Parenchyma

Back 40

below palisade, allows for gas diffusion

Front 41

Vascular bundle

Back 41

xylem: brings up water and nutrients from roots
Phloem: allows sugars to flow down
Lower Epidermis: Stomates, which allow gas exchange and transpiration (guard cells open and close stomata)

Front 42

Euchromatic

Back 42

loose genetic material

Front 43

Heterochromatics

Back 43

coiled and condensed genetic material

Front 44

Purines

Back 44

double ring (adenine and guanine)

Front 45

Pyramidines

Back 45

single ring (cytosine and thymine)

Front 46

phosphodiester bonds

Back 46

link together nucleotides

Front 47

Topoisomerase

Back 47

prevents tangling of two separate strands of DNA during replication

Front 48

rRNA

Back 48

Ribosomal RNA makes up part of the ribosomes

Front 49

tRNA

Back 49

Transfer RNA shuttles amino acids to ribosomes by reading nucleotides

Front 50

Stop Codons

Back 50

UAA UAG UGA

Front 51

Chaperonins

Back 51

regulate protein folding and make it mroe efficient

Front 52

Nonsense Mutations

Back 52

Base substitution: early termination of protein synthesis

Front 53

Missense mutations

Back 53

Base substitution: different amino acid made

Front 54

Silent Mutation

Back 54

Base susbstitution: no discernable change in protein sequence

Front 55

Deletion/Insertion

Back 55

loss or gain of either a base or larger portion

Front 56

Duplication

Back 56

extra copy of genes, usually due to inequal crossing over

Front 57

Inversion

Back 57

Changes in chromosome orientation

Front 58

Translocation

Back 58

Portion of 2 different chromosomes breaks and rejoins in a way that DNA sequence is lost/interrupted/repeated

Front 59

Halophiles

Back 59

Salt-loving

Front 60

Thermophiles

Back 60

heat-loving