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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
biology
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the study of life
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organism
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living things that can function independently
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characteristics of life
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1. cellular organization
2. reproduction 3. metabolism 4. homeostasis 5. heredity 6. responsiveness 7. growth and development (CRHHRG) |
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genes
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basic units of heredity
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heredity
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the passing of traits from parent to offspring
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mutation
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change in the DNA of a gene
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species
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a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring
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evolution
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change in the characteristics of a population over generations; the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginning of life
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natural selection
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survival of the fittest
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ecology
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the branch of biology that studies the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment
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genome
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the complete genetic material contained in an individual
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2 hereditary disorders
2 acquired diseases |
hereditary disorders - cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia
acquired diseases - |
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gene therapy
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the replacement of a defective gene with a normal version
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hypothesis
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an educated guess
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prediction
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the expected outcome of a test, assuming the hypothesis is correct
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control group
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a group in an experiment that receives no experimental treatment
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dependent variable
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the variable that is measured in an experiment
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independent variable
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the factor that is changed in an experiment
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theory
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a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists
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atom
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the smallest unit of matter that can not be broken down by chemical means
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molecule
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a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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parts of the atom
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1. electrons - negative charge
2. protons - positive charge 3. neutrons - no charge Nucleus is surrounded by a region that electrons occupy at anytime called an electron cloud |
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element
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a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
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compound
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a substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements
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ion
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an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
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types of bonds
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1. covalent bonds - form when two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule
2. hydrogen bonds - form when the electrons in a water molecule are shared by oxygen and hydrogen atoms 3. ionic bonds - forms when atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons |
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properties of water
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1. 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
2. attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds 3. water molecules have poles - partially positive and negative ends 4. water molecules are polar molecules - molecules with an unequal distribution of electrical charge |
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pH scale
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measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions, acidic solutions have pH values below, neutral solutions have a pH value of 7, and basic solutions have pH values above 7
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acids
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compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
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bases
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compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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carbohydrates
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1. organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1
2. a key source of energy found in most foods especially fruits, vegetables, and grains, the building blocks are single sugars called monosaccharides |
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proteins
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usually a large molecule formed by linked smaller molecules called amino acids, the building blocks of proteins
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lipids
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nonpolar molecules that are not soluble or mostly insoluble in water (fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes)
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nucleic acids
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a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides - has three parts - a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
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ATP
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stores energy
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energy
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the ability to move or change matter
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activation energy
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energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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enzymes
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substances that speed up chemical reactions
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substrate
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a substance on which an enzyme acts
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active site
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pocket where an enzyme meets a substrate
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environmental factors that influence enzyme activity
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temperature, pH values
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