A&p 5

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Cardiovascular system is composed of3 things

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1. Whole blood – not spun down

2. Blood vessels(vasculature)- how blood gets to different places

3. Heart

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Blood Has 3 functions

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1. Transportation- thing are transported through the blood ex Oxygen, glucose

2. Regulation- role blood plays in order to maintain homeostasis in the body

3. Defense- clotting factors, immune system

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Compositionof blood

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Divided into2 main entities:

1. Plasma- liquid

2. formed elements- solid elements

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Plasmaconsists of:

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• 91%water- gives vasculature it’s volume. Good volume =good BP

Dehydrated= lower % =lower BP

• 7%proteins

• 2%other solutes: ions

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plasmaproteins contain three specific proteins:

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1. Albumin- Large carrier protein (of many things),affinity to water, produced by the liver **helps keep water (plasma) in the vasculatureof an animal

2. globulins- transfer lipids through the body 3. fibrinogen- clotting protein

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Othersolutes of plasma contain:

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1. ions

2. nutrients

3. waste

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fibrinogen

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clotting factor

protein involved in inflammation

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Serum

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plasma without fibrinogen

Spin down fibrinogen of plasma

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Three celltypes (formed elements):

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1. Erythrocytes- RBC

2. thrombocytes- platelets

3. leukocytes- WBC

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How are all cells made?

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• Derivedfrom mesenchymal tissue

• Pluripotentcells- unknown, cells with potential. Not sure what they will be

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Erythropoiesis

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production of RBC by the red bone marrow

hormone from kidneys

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Hematopoiesis

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production of all blood cells

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Leukopoiesis

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production of WBC

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Thrombopoiesis

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production of thrombocytes. Platelets are Fuzzy outline

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Erythrocytes

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½ the sizeof WBCShape

“bi-concave”- to give more surface area=carry more oxygen

“Centralpallor” Pale in the middle

non-nucleated as adult

NRBC (nucleated red blood cell)- immature RBC

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Reticulocyte

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(aka “polychromatophil)- young RBC that just lots its nucleus

• Alittle bigger in diameter, not sunken in the middle

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Hemoglobinmolecule

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covermembrane of RBC

1RBC carries up to 280 million Hemoglobin molecules!!

• 1 globin (protein)

• 4 hemes (non-protein)- collects one Oxygenmolecule per heme= 4 total

• Each heme binds with one iron molecule.

• Eachiron molecule binds with one 02 molecule.

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Lifespan of blood cells

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120 days or 4 months·

Then they get broken down. When a RBC get broken down, hemoglobin is loose

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Red bood cells sequence

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1. Globlin and heme separate

2. Globin molecule broken down into amino acids

3. Hem broken into :

a. Transferrin- iron that can travel through theblood stream i. Transferrin travels to the liver and stored inthe form of Ferradin ii. Iron and ferratidn reenter the blood stream andbecome transferrin

b. Bilaverdin- converted in to bilirubvin i. Billigrun travels to liver- composed of bile (yellow)

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How do the 3 components of blood settle in a hematocrit tube?

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1. plasma- 55%

2. Buffy coat (some proteins, WBC’s & platelets) 3. packed RBC’s

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Stercobilin

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Stercobilin-bilirubin in feces- give it it’s brown color,wӞ

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Urobilin

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bilirubin in urine- gives it it’s yellow color

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Hematocrit

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aka PCV (packed cell volume).

A test to determine the percentage of RBC inwhole bloodl

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anemia

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lack of red blood cells

or a lack of hemoglobin

or both

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irondeficiency anemia

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lack of iron

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polycythemia

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increase of RBC in circulation

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Relative polycythemia

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Not too many RBC but a lack of plasma= lackingwater

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Compensatory polycythemia

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red bonemarrow is producing excess RBC because the body is lacking oxygen

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Rubra vera polycythemia

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true polycythemia, where red bone marrow ismaking too many RBC

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Thrombocyte

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produced by red bone marrow in response to a hormone called Thrombopoietin

produced bythe liver

Liver damage=a lack ofplatelets, lack of protein

Origin: Megakaryocyte

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Megakaryocyte

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a cell from bone marrow. BIG. The breaking into pieces, and the pieces-platelets

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Appearance of thrombocytes

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Appearance-smaller than RBC

No definite cell walls= fuzzy looking

Have a rough surface that is sticky

Stains dark or pale purple

Clumpinto a colony

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3 majortypes vessels in the body

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1. Nerve vessels

2. lymphatic vessels

3. blood vessels

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Clottingprocess requires 4 important components:

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1. Fibrinogen

2. Thrombin

3. Fibrin

4. Calcium!!!

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Clotting process (sequence)

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1. Injury to a vessel

2. Calcium in blood stream helps bind together thefibrinogen and the thrombin to from fibrin

3. Fibrin starts to form a sticky network ofthreads across the pictures of the vessel

4. platelets traveling through the blood startsticking to the film network

5. Leakage through vessel tapers off and stops

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Thrombocytopenia

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lacking thrombocytes

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Petechiae

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result of leaking vessels (usually lacking one of the clotting factors)

small hemorrhage

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Hemoabdomen

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blood/bleeding in the abdomen

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Hemothorax

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blood in the chest cavity

excess amount of blood in the pleural cavity

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DIC(disseminating intravascular Coagulation)

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aka: consumptive coagulopathy-

bodyforms clotting directly in the blood stream. Usually after major surgery(bloat, bad obstruction)

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leukopoiesis

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formation of WBC’s from mesenchymal tissue.

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2Classifications of white blood cells

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1. Granulocytes: define – WBC have granules in their cytoplasm

2. Agranulocytes: define - WBC without granulesin their cytoplasm

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Granulocytes:

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1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

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Agranulocytes

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1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

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Neutrophils

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· Most in numbers of healthy blood· 60-70% of all blood cells in body

· Dark purple nucleus- like a cheato

· Granules in cytoplasm are small

· Chemotaxis- able to migrate from blood vessel,through the wall and into other tissue· Diapedesis- going through the wall of a vessel

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Eosinophils

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· 2-5% of all WBC

· Same size as neutrophils

· Same dark nucleus

· Granules in cytoplasm should be redGranules are larger than neutrophil granules

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Basophils

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· 0-2% of WBC

· Smallest of granulocytes

· Have the largest granules in cytoplasm· Granules are dark purple in a dog

· Granules are lavender in cats

· nucleus is hard to see

· Can be mistaken for a lymphocyteHigher number of basophils can = allergicreaction, cancer, leukemias

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Lymphocytes

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· Second most common of WBC 20-25%· Nucleus is dark purple and round

· Cytoplasm is blue grayish color, and not a lotof it· Smallest of WBC

· Immune system

· Lots of kinds of lymphocytes. 3 types: 1. B cells

2. T cells

3. Natural killer cells

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Monocytes

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· Largest of WBC

· Nucleus stains dark purple

· Chees puff nucleus

· Lots of cytoplasm, grayish blue· Vacuoles in cytoplasm

· Phagocytes- cell or bacteria eating, and olddead

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three major type of blood vessels in the body:

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1. Arteries

2. Capillaries

3. Veins

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3 rulesregarding arteries

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1. Arteries always carry blood away fromthe heart.

2. Arteries always move blood toward theorgans.

3. Arteries always carry highly oxygenatedblood, with one exception (pulmonary arteries)

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Arteries are Constructedof three layers

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1. Tunica interna (intima)- innermost layer.Thin, surrounds the lumen of the artery

2. Tunica media- thick middle layer, made ofsmooth muscle. peristalsis

3. Tunica externa- elastic tissue, stretchy“lumen” define – hole through thescent of the vessel

Between layers, arteries contain elastic tissue

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Function ofarteries:

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· Play huge role in controlling Blood pressure inthe body.

· Deeper in the body than veins

Higher BP than in veins. Prevents backflow

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Vasoconstriction

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decreasein the diameter of the lumen of the artery = increase in BP

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Vasodilation

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increase inthe diameter of the lumen of the artery

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Aorta

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takes blood away from the heart. Highly oxygenated.

Everything branches offthe aorta

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Pulmonarytrunk/pulmonary arteries

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moves blood away from the right side of the heart.The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood-to the lungs

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Celiac trunk

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main artery caudal to the diaphragm that extends from the aorta andbranches into 3 major arteries

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Mesenteric arteries (caudal and cranial)

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both are caudal to the diaphragm. Both extendfrom the aorta to small intestine

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Arterioles

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tiny tiny arteries that lead into capillaries

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Hydrostaticpressure

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Really high blood pressure in arterioles

the force that propels a liquid

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Baroreceptors

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built into the wall of the artery. Sensory- detect changes of BP

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Chemorecpetors

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built into the wall of the arteries. Can detect chemical changes in the blood

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Properties of Capillaries

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Aka: “body tissue vessels” Tiniest of the bloodvessel family.

· Occur in a plexus/bed

· Endothelium- squamous cell in capillaries

· Thing wall

· Very porous- so things can move from the lumento the outside of capillaries

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Function of capiliaries

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• Joinarteries, venules, together at the body tissue level

Gasexchange, passes penetrating wall into interstitial …

• Fluidretention (affected by blood pressure)

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Plasma in the capilaries

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CO2 iscarried by plasma 72-76%

Plasma isresponsible for blood vessel volume

Plasmaleaves capillaries into interstitialspaces

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Role capillaries play in maintaining blood pressure

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· Colloidal osmotic proteins (particularlyalbumin)

-Hydrostatic pressure forces plasma out throughthe walls of the capillaries.

-Colloidal osmotic proteins osmotically pull theplasma from the interstitial spaces back into the Capillaries.

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Interstitialtissue

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in between the cell tissues, in the spaces of the tissue, in betweenthe capillaries

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Edema

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buildup offluid in interstitial spaces around the capillaries

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Starlingslaw

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the amount of plasma pushed into interstitial spaces is only slightly morethan the amount of plasma drawn back in the capillaries

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Lymphatic capillaries

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beginning of the lymphaticsystem occurs at the capillary beds

Open-ended-suck up residual plasma into lymphatic system

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Infiltration

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The movement of water and gasses from thecapillaries into the Interstitialspaces

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Reabsorption

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The movement of water andgasses from the interstitial spacesBack into the capillaries

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PittingEdema

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fluids sits for a long period of time, and the interstitial fluid getsthick

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Rules of veins

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1. Always carry blood toward the heart

2. Always take blood away from the organ

3. Almost always carry deoxygenated blood · Exception: pulmonary veins (carries highlyOxygenated blood)

4. Lower blood pressure further away from the heart

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Histology/anatomy of veins

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· Thinner walls ·

3 layers:

1. tunica interna- producing folds (values).Simi closed to prevent back flow

2. tunica media

3. tunica externa

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Characteristics of veins

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· Superficial in the body

· Thin walled

· Lower blood pressure

· They can collapseDeoxygenated blood is darker than arteries

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4Major Arteries

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1. Aorta

2. Pulmonary trunk

3. Celiactrunk

4.Mesentericarteries

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4major veins in the body

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1. Vena Cava

2. Pulmonary veins

3.Portal vein

4. Mesenteric vein

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Vena Cava

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biggest vein

empty into right artium

a. Cranial- cranial to heart

b. Caudal- caudal to the heart, goes throughentire torso

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Pulmonary veins

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branch from lungs to left side of the heart (carry O2 blood)

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Portalvein

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brings dirty blood to the liver (loaded with CO2 and toxins)

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Mesenteric vein

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extend from small intestine to the portal vein

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Venules

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tiny tiny veins- capillaries deliverblood into them

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Systemiccirculatory system ladder

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Heart--> Aorta--> Arteries--> arterioles--> Capillaries--> venules--> veins--> Vena Cava --> Heart

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Heart Function

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pump blood sufficiently enough to get blood to capillaries

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Pericardium

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sack around the heart which is the pericardial cavity

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Layers of the Pericardium

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Fibrous Pericardium- thick and tough connective tissue that surrounds the heart

Serous Pericardium- thin

Parietal layer

Visceral layer- closest to the heart. Fused to the surface of the heart

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Pericardialcavity

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space between the parietal andvisceral serous pericardium

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Pericardialfluid

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epicardium

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thevisceral layer of the serous membrane is fused with the outermost layer of theheart wall

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the Heart wall is located...

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directly underneath the serouspericardium

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3 layers of the heart wall

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1. Epicardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

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Epicardium

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outer layer of the heart

fused with visceral pericardium

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Myocardium

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middle layer made up of muscle

*myocardium of the left ventricle ofthe heart is very very thick because it has to push blood out

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Endocardium

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inner most layer, thing,folds/crumply (called trabeculae)

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Apex of heart

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caudal point of the heart

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Base of heart

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top, cranial portion of heart,all major vessel located here

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3 Major vessels extending from thebase of the heart:

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1. vena cava- from right side of heart

2. aorta- left side of the heart

3. pulmonary trunk- artery from the right sideof the heart (short Stump leading into the pulmonaryarteries)

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4 chambers of the heart

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2 atria: Right and left (Small)

2 ventricles: Right and left (large)

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Left Atria

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Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonaryveins

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Rightventricle

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Receives blood from the right atrium, and Pushes blood up throughthe pulmonary arteries to the lungs

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Leftventricle:

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Receives blood from the left atrium, and pushes Blood up through theaortic artery.

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Rightside of heart

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deoxygenated blood

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Right atria

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Receives deoxygenated blood from The vena cava(cranial and caudal)

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Left side of heart

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Oxygenated blood