A & P Cardiovascular System

Front 1

Contrast the general roles of blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid in maintaining homeostasis?

Back 1

Blood carries oxygen to the body and nutrients to the tissues and carries cellular waste products away from the tissues. Maintain profusion in homeostasis.
The lymphatic system is your immunity system, comprised of WBC, the primary function is to fight infection. Maintain health of cells and organs in homeostasis.
Interstitial fluid is plasma is carries the RBC, WBC, plasma and other substances such as chemicals, minerals, and nutrients. These are all distributed throughout the body as needed, and recycled once used. Maintains health of cells and organs in homeostasis.

Front 2

Define the principle physical characteristics of blood and its functions in the body?

Back 2

Blood is a red fluid consisting of plasma and formed elements or cells suspended in the plasma. Blood carries oxygen to the body and nutrients to the tissues and carries cellular waste products away from the tissues.

Front 3

Compare the origins of the formed elements in the blood?

Back 3

RBC, WBC and platelets are all formed from stem cells that are found in the bodies bone marrow.

Front 4

Discuss the structure of erythrocytes and their function in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Back 4

Erythrocytes are disk shaped RBCs. They contain hemoglobin that is bound with oxygen that it transports to the tissues of the body.

Front 5

Discuss the structure of thrombocytes and explain their role in blood clotting?

Back 5

Thrombocytes are small cells that are essential in clot formation. Platelets collect and form a foundation for the clot.

Front 6

List the components of plasma and explain their importance?

Back 6

Plasma is 92% water and 8% dissolved substances such as chemicals, minerals and nutrients. Plasma propels the blood cells and platelets as they would not be able to propel themselves.

Front 7

Explain how the body attempts to prevent blood loss?

Back 7

The body attempts to prevent blood loss by clotting, using the platelets, other proteins and calcium to solidify the blood and stop the bleeding.

Front 8

Identify the stages involved in blood clotting?

Back 8

The platelets form around the wound forming a foundation for the clot. Clotting proteins produced in the liver solidify the remainder of the clot, which include RBC and WBC to prevent infection.

Front 9

Explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting?

Back 9

It's an important part in hemostasis – the prevention of blood loss. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury; this is called primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis occurs simultaneously: Proteins in the blood plasma, called coagulation factors or clotting factors, respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands, which strengthen the platelet plug.

Front 10

Define the antigen-antibody reaction as the basis for ABO blood grouping?

Back 10

A, B, O, AB are antigens which are found in the plasma membrane. If an antigen is introduced, not of that type, antibodies will attack those blood cells.

Front 11

Describe the location of the heart and identify its borders?

Back 11

The heart is slightly to the left of the lower sternum. 2/3 of the heart lies in the left part of the mediastinum.

Front 12

Describe the structure of the pericardium?

Back 12

The pericardium consists of three layers the epicardium (outermost), the myocardium (the muscle layer in-between), and the endocardium (innermost).

Front 13

Contrast the structure and location of the epicardium, myocardium, and the endocardium of the heart wall?

Back 13

Epicardium (outermost) is a thin serious membrane, the myocardium is the muscle layer in-between, and the endocardium (innermost)is a layer of connective tissue.

Front 14

Identify and describe the chambers, great vessels, and valves of the heart?

Back 14

Chambers – two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower)
Great Vessels – pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, aorta and vena cava.
Valves of the Heart – tricuspid valve (between R Atrium, and R Ventricle), pulmonary semilunar valve (R Ventricle and Pulmonary Arteries), bicuspid valve (between L Atrium, and L Ventricle), and aortic semilunar valve (L Ventricle and Aorta)

Front 15

Discuss the route of blood in coronary circulation?

Back 15

Blood enters the right side heart from the superior and inferior vena cava.
Blood is pumped from the atrium in to the ventricle.
Blood is then pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.
Blood is pumped back to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
It enters into the left atrium, and then is pumped into the left ventricle.
Blood is finally pumped into the aorta and out to the rest of the body.

Front 16

Explain the structural and functional features of the conduction system of the heart.

Back 16

The electrical conduction system of the heart is a transfer of electrical impulses in the following pattern: SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers. The heart generates its own electrical impulses, through its pacemaker, without stimulation.

Front 17

Explain the pressure changes associated with blood flow through the heart?

Back 17

Blood pressure is influenced by the output of the heart, the volume of the blood present in the system, and the relative constriction and dilation of the arteries.

Front 18

Describe the principle events of a cardiac cycle?

Back 18

The first, "late diastole", is when the semilunar valve closes, the atrioventrical valve open, and the whole heart is relaxed. The second, "atrial systole", is when the atrium contracts, the AV valves open, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle. The third, "isovolumic ventricular contraction", is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. The fourth, "ventricular ejection", is when the ventricles are empty and contracting, and the semilunar valves are open. During the fifth stage, "Isovolumic ventricular relaxation", pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.

Front 19

Define the normal sounds of the heart?

Back 19

S1 – “lub”, S2 - “dub”

Front 20

Define cardiac output?

Back 20

The amount of blood that is pumped out by either ventricle.

Front 21

Define Starling’s Law?

Back 21

Greater the lenght of myocardial fibers, the
greater the force with which they contract. IE The more the heart stretches the more force it contracts with.

Front 22

Compare the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Back 22

Parasympathetic stimulation stops or slows down a process. Also know as “Feed or Breed”

Sympathetic stimulation starts a process. Prepares the body for stimulation. Also known as “Fight or Flight” response.

Front 23

Define the role of baroreceptors in reflex pathways in controlling heart rate?

Back 23

Baroreceptors are sensors located in the blood vessels, they detect the pressure of blood flowing through them, and send messages to the CNS to increase or decrease the total peripheral resistance and cardiac output.

Front 24

Compare the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, venules, and veins?

Back 24

Arteries are thick-walled muscular vessels, they operated in high-pressure systems.

Veins are thin-walled and operate in the low-pressure systems.

Venules are the smallest veins.

Front 25

Define a blood reservoir and its importance?

Back 25

Veins function as blood reservoirs, the blood fills up the chambers in the veins between valves and travels slowly back to the heart.

Front 26

Relate the importance of cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood pressure?

Back 26

Cardiac output is the amount of blood or the volume of blood, and peripheral resistance is the pressure that volume puts on the walls of the arteries, therefore they are all factors in blood pressure.

Front 27

Explain the role of the vasomotor center in controlling blood pressure?

Back 27

An area the brain that controls the regulation of the diameter of blood vessels and heart rate so that blood pressure can be controlled.

Front 28

Describe the effects of epinephrine, histamine on blood pressure?

Back 28

Epinephrine is a sympathetic agent (beta1) it bronchodilators, vascoconstricts, and increases CO.
Histamines are a parasympathetic agent (alpha) it bronchoconstricts.

Front 29

Define autoregulation and explain its importance?

Back 29

Autoregulation is an internal adaptive mechanism that works to adjust the systems response to stimuli. It is important as it means the brain is not required to respond to every stimulus with concious effort.

Front 30

Explain how skeletal muscle contractions, valves in veins, and breathing assist in the return of venous blood to the heart?

Back 30

Breathing Assist - pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities during inspiration and expiration. This compresses veins and assists blood return to the heart.
Muscle Contractions - muscular contractions compress the veins, squeezing blood back towards the heart.
Valves in Veins - pocket valves inside the veins prevent the back-flow of blood returning to the heart.

Front 31

Define pulse and identify the arteries where a pulse may be palpitated?

Back 31

Pulse is the pressure waves generated by the force exerted against the walls of the blood vessels.
Pulses can be found at the carotid, femoral, brachial, radial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses.

Front 32

Define systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures?

Back 32

Systolic pressure is created by the left ventricle while its contracting.
Diastolic pressure is the result of residual pressure in the system while the left ventricle is relaxing.
Pulse pressure is the force of blood being exerted against the walls of the blood vessels.

Front 33

Identify the principle arteries and veins of systemic circulation?

Back 33

Aorta, and the superior and inferior vena cava.

Front 34

Identify the major blood vessels of pulmonary circulation?

Back 34

Pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery.

Front 35

Trace the root of blood involved in hepatic portal circulation and explain its importance?

Back 35

It is a vessel in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the GI tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver. It prevents the toxins that can transpire in the GI tract from spreading through-out the body by not draining directly back to the heart.

Front 36

Compare fetal and adult circulation?

Back 36

Fetal Circulation - In Vitro, the fetus receives its nutrients and O2 through the placenta and umbilicus. There are three tubes - 2 umbilical ligaments, and the ligamentum teres that are attached to the umbilical cord. The ligamentum teres carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the inferior vena cava where it goes into the right atrium. From there the heart pumps it around the fetal system, but it also takes a shortcut through an opening in the septum of the heart called the Foramen Ovale, getting quickly to the left side of the heart and the systemic circulation. Deoxygenated blood is returned to the umbilical cord and the placenta through the umbilical ducts.

Front 37

Explain the change of fetal circulation structures once postnatal circulation is established?

Back 37

After birth, the foramen ovale closes, and the ligaments (umbilical tubes) are shut out of the system, and the circulation takes on its right side to lungs to left side to system and return.

Front 38

Explain the effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

Back 38

Exercise gets the heart pumping faster which increases the stretch of the heart chambers as more blood is forced throughout the body, therefore increasing the strength of the muscle as it contracts.

Front 39

Describe the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system. (reading 9.11)?

Back 39

Coronary arteries are affected by build-up of cholesterol and calcium on inside walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque. A complete blockage, or atherosclerosis can weaken or bulge blood vessels.

Front 40

What is Chromotropy, dromotropy and inotropy?

Back 40

Chromotropy is the rate, dromotropy speed of conduction, and inotropy is the strength of contraction.

Front 41

What is the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium?

Back 41

The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart.

Epicardium describes the outer layer of heart tissue

Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart.

Front 42

What is preload and afterload?

Back 42

preload is the end volumetric pressure that stretches the right or left ventricle of the heart to its greatest geometric dimensions under variable physiologic demand

Afterload can also be described as the pressure that the chambers of the heart must generate in order to eject blood out of the heart