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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Anthropology?
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The study of humankind
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The scope of anthropology is...
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Broad, including geographical and historical information
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The Holistic Approach is...
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Multifaceted and covers many aspects of culture
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Divisions of anthropology include...
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Biological, Cultural, and Applied
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Biological anthropology includes what three things?
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1. Human Paleontology
2. Primatology 3. Human Variation |
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What does a paleoanthropologist study?
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Human origins and evolution
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What does human variation include?
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1. Human genetics
2. Population biology 3. Epidemiology |
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What does Cultural Anthroplogy include?
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1. Archaeology
2. Linguistics 3. Ethnology |
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What is Archaeology?
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The study of past cultures and material remains
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If something is prehistoric it is...
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Before written record
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If something is historic it is...
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Recent societies with a written record
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Anthroplogical Lingusitics covers what three things?
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1. Historical
2. Structural 3. Social Lingustics |
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What is ethnology?
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The study of why people differ
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What are some different kinds of Ethologists?
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1. Ethnographer (feild work)
2. Ethnohistorian (studies change and writeen documentry) 3. Cross-culcutre researcher (particular characteristics) |
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About half of professional anthropologists are what?
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Applied Anthropologists.
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Specializations in applied anthropology...
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1. Geograhically
2. Historically 3. Subject matter 4. Theoretical Orientation |
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Artifacts, ecofacts, fossils, and features are what?
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Common kinds of Archaeological evidence
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What is an artifact?
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Something that is made or modified by humans.
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What is an ecofact?
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A natural object used or modified (food, bones, pollen, insects)
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What is a fossil?
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A hardened remain or impression.
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What are the two different kinds of dating?
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Relative and absolute
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What is relative dating?
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A dating system in which you relate one specimen/deposit to another
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Stratigraphy, indicator fossils, and chemical measures are examples of what?
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Relative dating processes
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What is absolute dating?
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Measure in years
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Radio Carbon, Electron spin resonance, potassium-argon, and the uranium series are examples of what?
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Absolute dating processes
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What are the three elements that amounts of are compared in chemical relative dating?
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Fluorine, uranium, and nitrogen
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An absolute dating method which works on organic matter by measuring radio active decay and doesn't work after 50,000 years is...
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Radio Carbon
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What is paleomagnetic dating?
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This is a dating process which works on rocks, hearths, pottery kins, and metal workshops where the earth/rock/metal has been melted and cooled because the molecules realign with earths moving magnetic feild
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What is potassium-argon dating?
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This dating process works on volcanic material by measureing radioactive K-40 which becomes Ar-40 after time... this process is only accurate for three billion years
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Linnaeus, Lamarck, Cuvier, Lyell, and Darwin where what?
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Early Naturalists
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The "systema naurae" which classified plants and animals and whose framework suggested common ancestors was set up by which man?
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Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
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Who is Jean Baptist Lamarck?
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The belief in which aquired changes in life were passed to the offspring was thought up by this man.
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Who was Georges Cuvier?
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He believed in catastrophism and got the fized species replaced.
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Who wrote the "Principles of Geology", believed in uniformitarianism, and that the earth is old?
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Who is Charles Lyell
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Who was Charles Darwin?
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He wrote the origin of species and fathered the idea of natural selection.
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British moths, houseflies, and bacteria are examples of what?
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These are observed examples of evolution.
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Who is the father of heredity?
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Gregor Mendel
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What kind of plant did Gregor Mendel use in his expriments?
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Pea plants
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What defines genetic drift?
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This is a random process which happens in a small population where one gene is frequent by chance.
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What is gene flow?
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This is the pass of genes from one population to another that decreases differences.
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Gene flow and genetic drift are examples of what?
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Variation on the population level.
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The Lemurs, Loris-likes, and tarsiers are what?
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Prosimians.
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What are the three groups of Anthropoids?
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1. New World Monkeys
2. Old World Monkeys 3. Hominiods |
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Anthropoids that vary in size, are arboreal, have prehensile tails, and are basically quadropedal are...
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New World Monkies
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Anthropoids that are widely distributed in Africa & Asia, can use aboreal and terrestrial locomothion and are quadropedal are...
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Old World Monkeys
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What are the three kinds of Hominiods?
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1. The Lesser Apes
2. The Greater Apes 3. Humans. |
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Gibbons and siamang are...
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Examples of Lesser Apes
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Orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee are...
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Examples of Great Apes
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Lesser apes are located in
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Tropical SE Asia
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A brochiation (aboreal) swing is done by...
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The lesser apes
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The Orangutan lives...
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In Borneo and Sumatra and are aboreal-climbers
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Where do gorillas live?
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Africa.
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What do gorillas eat?
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Leaes, stems, and roots
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How do gorillas walk?
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They knuckle walk on the ground
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Are gorillas sexually dimorphic?
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Yes.
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Who dominates a gorilla group?
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The "silverback" male.
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Where does the Chimpanzee live?
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Africa.
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What does the chimpanzee eat?
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Fruit, insects, lizards, birds, and even other monkies.
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Are chimpanzees aboreal or terrestrial?
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Mostly terrestrial, knuckle walk on ground, they do climb though
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When did the earliest primates emerge and what were they?
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The Eocene and they were prosimians
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What was the environment like when primates started emerging?
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Many plants and animals went extinct in the beginning of the paleoscene
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How was the climate when the primates started emerging?
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The Paleocene was cooler, swamplands started to disappear, large trees with fruit were common, and flowering trees and plants showed up
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Primates probably evolved from this...
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Insectivores
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What did insectivores eat?
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Uh.. insects.
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What happened to miocene apes?
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Monkeys and Apes diverged and there were numerous apes in europe, asia, and africa
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What happened to late miocene apes?
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Apes diversify and move into many areas, their fossils were abundant in europe and asia
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What is the molecular clock?
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Studies compared blook proteins, amino acids, chromosomes and DNA strands
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How is a hominid defined?
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Defined by being bipedal
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Where was the first undisputed evidence of hominids?
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East Africa
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What events favored the evolution of pipedal locomotion?
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Less rainforestsand more savannas where first hominids were found
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Being able to spot predators in tall grasses, carry food home, harvesteing seeds and nuts, carry tools/weapons, long distance travel, and regulating body temperature are all what?
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Theories for the evolution of bipedalism
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What was the first definite hominid?
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Australopithecus, which was a genus.. there were several different species
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What were the two groups of Australopithecus?
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Gracile and Robust
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What was the australopithecus anamensis?
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The earliest australopithecine, which was found in east africa and was the gracile type
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What was the australopithecus afarensis?
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The best presented species, gracile in type and found in east africa
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What is important about Laetoli, Tanzania?
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Several australopithecus afarensis were found there as well as footprints in ash which proved bipedal locomotion
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What is important about Hadar, Ethiopia?
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This is the site with the most complete finds for afarensis, including Lucy
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What was australopithecus africanus?
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A gracile type found in south africa
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What was the Taung child and who discovered it?
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This was the first australopithcine discovered and it was credited to Raymond Dart
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How was the Taung child evidence of early bipedal hominids?
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It had "foramen magnum" hold under skull
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What was the Australopithecus Aethiopus?
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This was the earliest robust type and was found in east africa.
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What was teh austraolpithecus robustus?
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This was a robust type found in south africa tha was a vegetarian with large back teeth
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Which hominid line when extinct?
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The robust line.
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Where in east africa where the early hominid tools found?
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Ethiopia.
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What was found at Olduvai?
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Numerous stone tools.
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What were some trends in hominid evolution?
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They increased in tool making and had a reduction of face, teeth, and jaws
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Where were most of the early homos found?
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East Africa.
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Where was homo erectus found and what was special about it?
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East Africa, first species widely distrubuted in Old World (first to leave Africa)
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What was important about Zhoukoudian?
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It was an important H. eretus site and is where the "Peking Man" was found in the 1930s
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Long low skulls and prominent brow ridges were physical characteristics of...
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Homo erectus
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Who was responsible for a stone tool called "acheulian"?
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H. Erectus
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Where was there evidence of big game eating?
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Torralba and Ambrona, Spain.
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Where were most of the achulian sites?
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Terra Amata, in the French Riveria. (Homo erectus campsites)
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