Anthropology Exam 1

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anthropology definition

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the study of humankind in all times and places ; the totality of the human experience

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differences of anthropology from other social sciences

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1. usually study other cultures
2. reduce ethnocentrism
3. field work
4. comparative discipline
5. holistic

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archaelogy

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study of human cultures through the recovery, analysis, and interpretation of material culture from past civilizations; cultural anthropology of the human past

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historic archaeology

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after written records

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prehistoric archaeology

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before written records

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linguistic anthropology

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study of language

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examples of linguistic anthropology

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1. historical linguistics
2. descriptive linguistics (grammar/syntax)
3. socio-linguistics (use in society)

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cultural anthropology

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study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought and feelings; describes analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences

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examples of cultural anthropology

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ethnography (ethnology), medical anthropology, urban anthropology

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biological anthropology

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systematic study of humans as biological organisms

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examples of biological anthropology

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paleoanthropology, primatology, osteology, bioarchaelogy, forenic anthropology

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paleoanthropology

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study of our fossil ancestors

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primatology

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study of primate behavior and biology

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osteology

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study of skeletal biology

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common theme of applied anthropology

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scientific knowledge

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hypothesis testing

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1. observation
2. hypothesis formation
3. test the hypothesis
4. reject the hypothesis or fail to reject the hypothesis

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theory

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a hypothesis or series of related hypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and have not been rejected

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2 crucial features of theories

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1. falsifiable
2. cannot be proven - either rejected or fail to be rejected

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taxonomy

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science of classifying (or grouping) organisms

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The Great Chain of Being author

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Aristotle

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Systema Naturae

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- Carolus Linnaeus
- groups humans with primates

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how animals are classified

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by similarities in body structure and function, growth, genetics, behavior

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species

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an interbreeding group of animals with viable offspring

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genus

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a group of like-species

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homologies

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structures that have a similar morphology due to common ancestry, but different functions

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analogies

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structures that have a similar function but are not related

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evolution definition

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a change in the allele frequency in a population over generations

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natural selection

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1. overproduction of offspring, limited resources
2. variation exists within all poplulations
3. some variations are more helpful, help organism survive, pass on to offspring, abundant in that specific environment

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scientists of evolution

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darwin, alfred russel wallace

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heredity

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gregor mendel, pea plant experiemnt.
revealed:
1. how traits are passed to offspring
2. how variation emerges

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2 major roles of DNA

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1. protein synthesis
2. cellular division

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DNA structure

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double helix with base pairs attached

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4 base pairs

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adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

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chromosomes

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tightly woven DNA; humans after 46

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genes

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segments of DNA that code for a specific pattern and are the units of inheritance

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genotype

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combined alleles for a trait Bb BB bb

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phenotype

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physical expression of that trait

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mitosis (most cells)

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1 division, 2 identical daughter cells

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meiosis (sex cells)

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2 divisions, 4 non-identical cells

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Law of Segregation

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- paired alleles separate during meiosis
- only receive 1 allele per parent for a trait

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Law of Independent assortment

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the inheritance of 1 pair of alleles, does NOT influence the inheritance of another

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populations

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groups of similar individuals who interbreed

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gene pool

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the alleles possessed by members of a given population

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evolutionary forces

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- gene pool
- mutation
- genetic drift
- gene flow

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mutation

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- only true source for new genetic variation
- changes in the genetic structure
- evolutionarily important only in sex cells

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gene flow

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a mixture between 2 or more populations (eg migration)

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genetic drift

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random change of allele frequencies within 1 population
(small population sizes, Founder effect)

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relevance of evolution

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medical science (antibiotic resistant diseases), agriculture (edible food), animal domestication

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Living Primates characteristics

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1. generalized dentition
2. decrease olfaction
3. increase infant dependency
4. high social complexity
5. most diurnal
5. arboreal anatomy
6. 5-digits
7. steroscopic/binocular vision (depth perception)
8. large brains
9. nails (not claws)

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strepsirhini example

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lemurs, lorises

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haplorhini example

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tarsiers, monkeys, apes

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platyrrhini example

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new world monkeys (Americas)

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catarrhini

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old world monkeys and apes (Asia, Africa, Europe)

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cercopithecoids example

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Old world monkeys

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Hominoids example

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apes and humans

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Strepsirhini characteristics

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1. higher reliance on olfaction
2. most noctural
3. smaller body and brain size
4. dental combs: front teeth for grooming

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Platyrrhini characteristics

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1. live in south and central america tropical forests
2. prehensile tails (some)
3. arboreal quadrapeds
4. tails have fingerprints that allow them to grip
5. most diurnal

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Cercopithecoids characteristics

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1. Africa and Asia
2. either arboreal or terrestrial quadrapeds
3. non-prehensile tails!
4. bigger bodies and brains
5. most diurnal
6. 2 premolars

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Hominoids (Apes) characteristics

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1. Africa and Asia
2. NO TAILS!
3. largest bodies/brains
4. most complex behavior
5. high infant dependency
6. all diurnal

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Hominoid Locomotion

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- built for suspension
- knuckle-walking (chimps, bonobos, gorillas)

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Primate Behavior depends on

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- body size
- diet
- predation
- dispersal patterns
- diurnal vs. nocturnal
- reproductive strategies

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natal group

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group born into

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group size affected by

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DIET
eg insect eaters = solitary (tarsiers)
eg leaf eaters = large #s (gorillas)

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home range

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area usually used by a group

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dominance hierarchies

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social ranking system that may result in more access to food and mating partners. depend on: sex, age, aggression, time spent w/ group, parent's rank

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types of bonding in living primates

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1. social grooming
2. sexual intercourse (bonobos)
3. juvenile play (socialization)

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communication of living primates

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- facial expressions
- vocalization
- gestures

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estrus

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period of reproductive cycle when females ovulate (receptive and can conceive)
evident by: visual, olfactory, behavioral

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Chimpanzee Model

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- tool use
- hunting and food sharing
- warfare
- medicine (parasite removal)
- empathy

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Bonobo Model

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- sexual tendencies
- less aggressive w/ more female bonding
- extensive food sharing
- genetically removed and true nature