Anthropology Exam 1 Review

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Epistemology

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theory of knowledge, ways of knowing and learning, epistemology leads to ontology

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Ontology

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way of seeing the world and recognition we might see the world differently

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Ethnographic methods include:

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observation, rapport building, participant observation, interviewing, geneologies, work with key consultants, life histories, and longitudinal research

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What is the etic perspective?

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scientific; outsider's view

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Emic perspective

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Insiders view; native perspective

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Ethnology

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The study of the characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships among them.

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Anthropology

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study of humankind and societies

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Linguistic Anthropology

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-study of language and culture
-evolution of language, forms of communication, representation

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Archaeology

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-study of past people and societies
-material culture, environment history, architecture and landscapes

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Biological Anthropology

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human adaptation, variation in humans, human origin and evolution, primate studies

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Cultural Anthropology

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Variation in patterns, social organization, interaction, adaptation to social change

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Ethnography

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collecting data from smaller/local settings
sets anthropology apart by studying everything holistically

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What are 3 types of interviews?

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Unstructured, semi-structured, questionnaires

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Evolutionism

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idea that humans are culturally evolving in same direction (euro centered view of human diversity, if third country its bc they are behind us)

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Boasians and historical particularism

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Franz Boas (Father of anthropology) challenged idea of evolutionism/ universalism vs. particularism
*idea that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result

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Functionalism

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idea that every cultural practice or behavior serves a particular function

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Neoevolutionism

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alternative argument to evolutionism/ idea that there are multiple lines of evolution not just one path

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Cultural materialism

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finding material explanation for why people do things they do

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Characteristics of Human Culture

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:shared, learned, symbolic, nature, group and individual, integrated, holistic

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Franz Boas (1858-1942)

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Father of American anthropology and four field anthropology

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Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)

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British Social Anthropology
“Father of ethnography”
*Functionalism
All customs and institutions are interrelated and integrated
“Needs” functionalism- everyone across all societies have biological needs that can be fulfilled through diff cultural practices

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Margaret Mead (1901-1978)

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Student of Boas
Adolescence and sexuality in Samoa- thought American women were sexually oppressed
*nature vs nurture

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Enculturation

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process by which a child learns culture; vertical transmission

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Acculturation

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learned and re-learned throughout life (horizontal transmission)

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Essentialism

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Viewing identities as innate, uniform, or unchanging stereotypes

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Ethnocentrism

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viewing one's own culture as superior

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Cultural Relativism

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states that it is not appropriate to use outside standards to judge behavior in a given society

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Mechanisms of cultural change

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cultural diffusion; spreading or combining ideas
acculturation; homoganized groups
independent invention

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Linguistic Anthropology studies..

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language and form
language and meaning
language and context

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4 Communication styles humans and primates share

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transmission: teaching
productivity: create new words and ideas
displacement: knowing time
lies and humor
(humans have grammar and syntax)

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Environmentalist perspective

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humans have a generalized intelligence, blank slate; have to learn as we grow

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Innatist perspective

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Humans have a specialized intelligence
Pre-programmed to learn language and culture fills in

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Sapir-whorf hypothesis

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Language constrains thought and culture
modern interpretation: language affects thought, culture, and thought and culture affect language

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Gender roles

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tasks and activities that a certain gender does

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Gender stereotypes

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oversimplified ideas about characteristics of sexes

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Gender stratification

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unequal distribution of rewards

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Gender identities

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sexuality, work roles, ritual roles, gender stratification, age