Anthro Midterm #2

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CoAinS?....bridge between

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fieldwork and upcoming discussions of anthropological perspective

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Marg Mead student of ? ta?

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Boas, ruth benedict

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Coais? 1928

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national and international acclaim. Most sold and famous anthro book.

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approximate science?

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1. rigourois systematice research
2. cumulative development
3. intense internal reviews

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what makes coais anthropological?

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- ethnographic fieldwork
-problem-based analysis
-rich enthnographic detail
-holistic approach

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MM data collection techniques?

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- genealogical method
-key consultants
- observations
-written notes, tape recordings

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problem based analysis?

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are difficultures of us female adolescence indicative of cross-cultural universals of human experience?

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important ethnographic details in COAIS?

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- structure of samoan villages
-most stressful time of damoan womans lives
- samoan female adolescent

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anthropologists are?

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cultural translators

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whose world did mm demystify?

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american female adolescence

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why balinese bet on cockfight?

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- reaffirm and make evident social relationships

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Geertz:

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status never in question. "function": interpretative

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a text emerges:on the field

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1. ideals of masculinity
2. ideals of organization
3. play to win

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a text emerges: in the stands

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highly stratified society

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football: not valuable as symbolic activity because it is a profound social contest- but precisely

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because it is not

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play is "deepest" when contest between:

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1.(near) status equals
2. high status opponents

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Interpretive anthro? whom

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Mex Weber

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Geertz:

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culture is those webs- and ethnographys ob to detail them
-"not an experimental science in search"
- enthnographers "do"
- best when THICK

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articulate-

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1. to put together
2. communicate

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what produces thickness?

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-layers of relevant context

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meaning is ....

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contextual

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context is-

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where and when
- who is speaking
- who is listening
-relatinship between them

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twicher (blink)

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1 thing: contracted eye lid

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winker (wink)

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2 things: contracted eyelid and winked-

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difference between wink and blink?

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symbolic intent

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cultural practices are not...recapitulation

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rote- mechanical or habitual repetition of somthing to be learned

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who said "regulated improvisation"

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Bourdieu- groups and individuals have agendas and strategies
- but products of system

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culture is public because..

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meaning is

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cognitive fallacy...

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false belief that mental phenomena can be analyzed by formal methods similar to mathematics and logic..

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culture is...

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an "acted document"

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ethnographers are storytellers

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- most human of sciences and most scientific of humanities

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Sports as ritual:

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routinized and discrete

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-Douglas Foley in Learning Capitalist Culture (1900)

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- interpretive approach to the high school football

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.powder-puff football:

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"ritual of inversion"
-gender ideals reinforced by transgression

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coexistence of alternate/contradictory ideals:

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a. adult/public v. adolescent/"private"
b. consumption/hedonism v. asceticism/delayed gratification
c. confirms individual status: athlete, middle class, "good kid", et.
-transgression ironically enhance individual images
-to know how and when: demonstrates cultural knowledge of group
-e.g. country music and rural masculinity;
Bedouin and "little songs"

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KIN GROUPS:

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units thru which humans identify and construct their individual and collective social positions.

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3. Cross-culturally, social construction of kinship illustrate considerable diversity

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-"..human kinship is not naturally given set of "blood relationships" but a culturally variable system of meaningful categories"

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=nuclear:

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-widespread
-NOT universal
=some societies: no special role
= some societies: very important
- Industrial nations
- Foragers

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-impermanent;

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must be reconstituted each generation

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post-marital residence pattern:
=

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generally NEO-LOCAL

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extended family household
=

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multiple generations residing in proximity
= PATRILOCAL
-Bosnian Muslim zadruga
= MATRILOCAL
- MATRILINEAL Nayar tarawad
-matrikin

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- Mulitple spouses:
= polygamy

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- polygyny (multiple husbands)
- Polyandry (multiple husbands)

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Nuer
- Genitor vs. pater

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□ -social v. biological paternity

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- Exogamy:

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prescribes that partners come from beyond one's group

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Kin groups:

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unites thru which humans identify and construct their individual and collective social positions

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- Royal incest

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- Ynka
- Ancient Egypt
- Hawaii

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- Endogamy: most societies

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US largely endogamous with regard to:
- Race
- Class

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Kinship calculation
·

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Way in which people reckon kinship
- Relationships they consider relevant or valuable

Must determine ethnographically [?]

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Kinship terminology(insider) v.

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genealogical kinship(outsider)

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- Kin terms:

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reflect social construction of kinship in given cultural context
- Can and do lump multiple kin types into same category
• e.g. grandfather/mother, cousin, aunt, uncle, etc.
• First cousin: eight genealogical kin types

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Descent groups:

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• Among non-industrial food-producers, analogous to nuclear family to us
• Permanent social unit whose members say they have ancestors in common
- Group continues despite individual members
• Corporate group
• Largely ascribed status

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• Frequently exogamous

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- Members must seek mates from other groups

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- Matrilineal-

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join mother's group automatically at birth and stay member for life

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- Patrilineal…

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only children of men's group

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- Lineages:
-

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demonstrated descent

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Clans:

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stipulated descent

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- What post-marital residence pattern does Dadi's family practice?

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PATRIOLOCALITY: how do we see it?

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- What type of descent group do they practice?

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Patrilineality: why can we suppose this?

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- What type of logic of indiviual status do they employ?

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Ascribed: why can we suppose this?Societies organized by descent groups tend to rely upon
Ascribed status

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Logics of exchange

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• Reciprocity
• Redistribution
• Market principles
Exchange=goods and services (labor)

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Reciprocity

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• Exchange between social equals (generally related by kinship, marriage, or close personal ties)
• Associated with subsistence pattern(s) of:
- Foraging
- Horticulture
• Associated with political structures of:
- Bands (egalitarian societies)
○ Ju/hoansi
• Emphasis on creation/maintenance of relationship
- Generalized
- Balanced
- Negative

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Generalized reciprocity
•

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Emphasis on creation/maintenance of relationship(s)
• Practiced with people with whom you share the highest degree of common culture, i.e.
- At family (close kin) level, amongst friends, etc.
• Characterized by little or no expectation of immediate or equal return, e.g.
1) You parents and you;
2) You and your very best friends; and
3) Classmates

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Balanced Reciprocity

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• Emphasis on creation/maintenance of relationship(s)
• Practiced with people with whom you share a high degree of common culture; i.e.
- At village level, with less-close relatives, etc.
• Characterized by expectation of more or less equal return with in "reasonable" period of time, e.g.
1) you and your friends, and
2) ?

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Negative reciprocity

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• Emphasis on creation/maintenance of relationship (s)
• Practiced with people with whom you share a degree of common culture; i.e.
- At inter-village level (fringes of social system); etc.
• Characterized by expectation of basically equal return with in definite period of time, e.g.
1) Trobriand kula; and
2) You and your acquaintances

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Redistribution

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• Exchange characterized by centralized collection and dispersal of goods, services, etc.
• Ass. With subsistence pattern(s):
- Horticulture
- Agriculture
• Mutual rights and responsibilities
• Ass. With political structure(s):
- Tribes
• Kawelka
- e.g. moka
- Chiefdoms
• Kwakiutl
- e.g. potlatch
- states

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Market Principles

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• "law" of supply and deman
• Dominant logic of capitalist

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Mode of production

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• Associated with subsistence patterns of:
- Intensive agriculture
- Industrial production
• Ass. With political structure(s):
- State
• US

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adaptive strategies-

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to describe a society's system of economic production.

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foragers

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rely on nature to make their living.

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eqalitarian?

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that contrasts in prestige are minor and are based on age and gender.

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correlation

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association or covariation between two or more variables

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band

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small group of fewer than a hundred people, all related by kinship or marriage.

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horticulture

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is cultivation that makes intensive use of non of the factors of production.- they use simples tools such as hoes diggin sticks to grow crops

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agriculture

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is cultivation that requires more labor than horticulture does because it uses land intensively and continuously

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economy

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a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

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transhumance

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group moves with the herds, but most people stay in the home village

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nomadism

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the entire group- moves with the animals throughout the year

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factores of production

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include land, labor, and technology

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market principle

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rhw distribution of the means of production- land, labor,etc.

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potlatch

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a festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of the north pacific coast of north america

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tribes

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economies based on nonintentsive food production

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chiefdom

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refers to a form of sociopolitical organizations intermediate between the tribe and the state.

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the state

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is a form of socialpolitical organization based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification

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village head

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(always a man). his authority like that of a foraging bands leader, is severly limited..lead by example and persuasion(yanomami)

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big man

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was a elaborate version of the village head, but with one significant difference, he was seen as the leader of many tribes.

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creation of separate social strata?

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stratification, and its emergence signified the transition from chiefdom to state.

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weber says 3 dimensions of social stratification

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1- wealth
2-power
3-prestige

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superordinate

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the higher or elite

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subordinate

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lower or underprivileged

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family of orientation

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(the family in which one is born and grows up)

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family of procreation

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(formed when one marries and has children)

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zadruga

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- extended family household- headed by a male household head and his wife, or senior woman

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collateral household

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includes siblings and their spouses and children

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berdaches

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biological men that assume mannerisms of women.

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bridewealth

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a customary gift before or after marriage from the husband to his wife.

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dowry

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wifes group provides substantial gifts to the husbands family.

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sororate

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subsitute if sister is hurt etc.

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levirate

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sub the brother is hurt etc.