Anthro 2

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Anthropology

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the study of humankind in all times and places

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4 Subfields of Anthropology

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Archeology, Biological Anthro, Cultural Anthro, and Linguistic Anthro

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Archaeology

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the study of human cultures through the analysis of material remains and environmental data.

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Biological Anthropology

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the study of humans as biological organisms

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Cultural Anthropology

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Social or sociocultural; the study of patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. Focuses on humans as a culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures 2 PARTS OF CULTURAL ANTHRO: Ethnography and Enthology

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Linguistic Anthropology

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the study of human languages, looking at their structure, history, and/or relation to social and cultural contexts.

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Ethnography

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The task of discovering and describing a particular Culture OR a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork

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Participant Observer

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In ethnography, the technique of learning a person's culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over a long time.

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Informant

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a person who teaches his or her culture to an anthropologist

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Ethnocentrism

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A mixture of belief and feeling that one’s own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others’

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Cultural Relativism

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the idea that one must suspend judgment of other people’s practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms

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Tacit Culture

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Cultural knowledge that people lack words for

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Explicit Culture

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Cultural knowledge that people can talk about.

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Culture Shock

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a state of anxiety that results from cross-cultural misunderstanding.

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Naïve Realism

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the belief that people everywhere see the world in the same way. E.i. dogs are treasured and loved in US. Pest in India.

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Nacirema

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Culture

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A society's shared ideas, values, and perceptions, which are use to make sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior.

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Nature

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ask somebody

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Artifact

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ask somebody

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Language vs. Speech

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ask somebody

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Symbol

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a sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way

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Phoneme

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the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language.

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Morpheme

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the smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in language. It is distinctive from a phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning by itself

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Syntax

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the patterns of rules by which morphemes are arranged into phrases and sentences.

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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principle that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its respective speakers conceptualize their world, i.e. their world view, or otherwise influences their cognitive processes

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Code Switching

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changing from one level of language to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.

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Class

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system of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, but permitting individuals to alter their rank

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Caste

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A form of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, which it acquired at birth and doesn’t permit individuals to alter their rank.

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!Kung

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sharing nomadic people in Kalahari Desert/Hunter-Gatherers

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Kinship

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complex system of social relationships based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity)

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Affinity

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a fundamental principle of relationship linking kin through marriage

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Consanguinity

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the principle of relationship linking individuals by shared ancestry (blood)

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Incest – Taboo

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the cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives

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Walking Marriage

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practiced in China by the Mosou where no one is truly married to one person, but multiple partners of love

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Endogamous

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marriage within a designated social unit

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Exogamous

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marriage outside any designated group

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Polygyny

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form of polygamy in which a man is married to two or more women at one time.

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Polyandry

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A form of polygamy in which a woman has two or more husbands at one time.

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Polygamy

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a marriage form in which a person has two or more spouses at one time. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms of polygamy

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Matrilineal

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rule of descent relating a person to a group of consanguine kin on the basis of descent through females only.

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Patrilineal

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rule of descent relating a person to a group of consanguine kin on the basis of descent through males only.

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Bilineal

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both mother and father’s sides count as family

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Patrilocal

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married couple resides with husband’s parents

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Matrilocal

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married couple resides with wife’s parents

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Mosuo

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matriarchal society in China

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Kalahari Desert

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!Kung people live here

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Hunter-gatherer

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Hunt and gather food from wild

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Horticulture

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kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

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Slash and Burn

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form of horticulture in which wild land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to lie fallow and revert to its wild state

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Pastoralism

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a subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals.

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Agriculture

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subsistence strategy involving intensive farming of permanent fields through the use of such means as the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

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Industrialism

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a subsistence strategy marked by intensive, mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks

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Subsistence Strategy

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strategies used by groups of people to exploit their environment for material necessities. Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialism

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Reciprocity

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The exchange of goods and services, of approx.. equal value, between two parties

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Redistribution

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a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated

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Market Economy

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Economies in which production and exchange are motivated by market factors: price, supply, and demand.

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GPB

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Georgia Public Broadcasting