Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 2

Front 1

water comprises between _____% of all organism's bodies

Back 1

50-90

Front 2

Most cells are _____% water

Back 2

70-95

Front 3

The human body is made up of over __% water

Back 3

60

Front 4

4 Properties of water

Back 4

1) Reactivity 2) Lubrication 3) High Heat Capacity 4) Solubility

Front 5

Hydrolysis

Back 5

the process of breaking chemical bonds with water

Front 6

Dehydration synthesis

Back 6

builds molecules by removing water

Front 7

Thermal Inertia

Back 7

Large mass of water takes a long time to charge temperatures

Front 8

Solution

Back 8

a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Front 9

Solvent

Back 9

substance in which atoms, ions, or molecules of another substance are individually dispersed

Front 10

Solute

Back 10

Atoms, ions, or molecules that are dissolved into another substance

Front 11

Polar

Back 11

has a positive and negative end

Front 12

Hydrophilic

Back 12

water loving

Front 13

Hydrophobic

Back 13

water fearing

Front 14

Covalent bond

Back 14

2 or more atoms share electrons equally

Front 15

Polar covalent

Back 15

one of the atoms in a bound pair has more control of the electrions; this creates a positive & negative pole to a molecule

Front 16

Ionic bond

Back 16

involves a transfer of electrons between atoms; forms a weak bond between a cation and an anion; bound due to opposing charges

Front 17

Aqueous solution

Back 17

has water as a main part of a solution

Front 18

Ionization/Dissociation

Back 18

Ionic bonds are broken due to the polarity of water molecules

Front 19

Hydration spheres

Back 19

form around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution; separating the cations and anions

Front 20

Electrolytes

Back 20

inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

Front 21

pH

Back 21

a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ions OH- concentration in a given substance or solution

Front 22

The more H+ ions the more ______ a substance is

Back 22

acidic

Front 23

The more OH- the more _____ a substance is

Back 23

basic

Front 24

When the amount of H+ ions and OH- are equal the pH is _______

Back 24

neutral

Front 25

Acid

Back 25

a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution; proton donor; donates H+ ions

Front 26

Base

Back 26

a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution; proton acceptor;

Front 27

Week acids and weak bases

Back 27

fail to dissociate completely; help to balance the pH; can act as a buffer

Front 28

Salts

Back 28

solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

Front 29

Acidic

Back 29

pH lower than 7.0; high H+ concentration and Low OH- concentration

Front 30

Basic/alkaline

Back 30

pH higher than 7.0; low H+ concentration high OH- concentration

Front 31

pH of human blood

Back 31

ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

Front 32

pH scale has an _______ relationship with H+ concentration

Back 32

inverse

Front 33

Buffers and antacids

Back 33

special molecules that prevent and minimize extensive changes in H+ + OH- ions; these will either accept or donate H+ ions from solutions

Front 34

Buffers

Back 34

weak acid/salt compounds; neutralize either strong acid or strong base

Front 35

Antacids

Back 35

Basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt

Front 36

Buffers in organisms are an example of ___________

Back 36

homeostasis

Front 37

Synthesis reaction/anabolism

Back 37

build larger molecules from smaller ones; forms chemical bonds; ABH + CDHO -> ABCD + H2O; dehydration synthesis

Front 38

Decomposition reaction/catabolism

Back 38

breaks bonds in large molecules; breaks chemical bonds; water is added back in to the molecule; A-B + H2O -> A-H + HO-B; hydrolysis

Front 39

Exchange reaction

Back 39

breaks molecules and then recombines the parts; involves decomposition first, then synthesis; AB + CD -> A+B+C+D -> AD + CB

Front 40

Exergonic

Back 40

produce more energy than they use; exothermic

Front 41

Endergonic

Back 41

use more energy than they produce; endothermic

Front 42

Factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

Back 42

temperature; concentration; particle size; catalysts

Front 43

increasing temperature (increases/decreases) kinetic energy

Back 43

increases

Front 44

concentration

Back 44

amount of solute in a solution

Front 45

Compounds

Back 45

groups of different elements bonded together

Front 46

inorganic compounds

Back 46

lack carbon or have possessing carbon but lack hydrogen or oxygen

Front 47

Organic compounds

Back 47

compounds containing carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Front 48

Dehydration synthesis

Back 48

AKA condensation reaction; builds of organic polymers from smaller organic monomers; requires energy; produces water

Front 49

Hydrolysis

Back 49

allows for the breakdown of all large organic polymers into smaller organic monomers; requires water; produces energy

Front 50

Macromolecules

Back 50

large organic compounds; composed of subunits called monomers;

Front 51

polymers are formed when...

Back 51

...2 or more monomers are linked together through dehydration synthesis

Front 52

Carbohydrates

Back 52

organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Front 53

monomers =

Back 53

monosaccharides

Front 54

carbohydrate functional groups

Back 54

hydroxyl & carbonyl

Front 55

monosaccharides

Back 55

single saccharide molecules; simple sugars; used commonly as energy source: glucose

Front 56

Disaccharides

Back 56

consists of two monosaccharides covalently bonded together

Front 57

storage polysaccharides

Back 57

consists of many glucose molecules bound together; plants

Front 58

Starch

Back 58

linear chains of glucose; storage form of glucose in plants

Front 59

cellulose

Back 59

makes up the cell walls of plants and algae

Front 60

Glycogen

Back 60

branched chain of glucose, storage form of glucose in animals; stored in liver and muscle cells

Front 61

Chitin

Back 61

makes up the cell walls of fungi and comprises the exoskeletons of anthropods

Front 62

Lipids

Back 62

hydrophobic; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 63

monomers

Back 63

glycerol and fatty acid chains; monosaccharides

Front 64

fatty acid chains

Back 64

chains of 16 or 18 carbons

Front 65

Triglycerides

Back 65

made from 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

Front 66

saturated fats

Back 66

solid at room temperature; used by animals for energy storage and insulation; no double bonds exist in these fatty acid chains every extra bond carbon makes is with hydrogen

Front 67

unsaturated fats = oils

Back 67

liquids at room temperature; one or more double bond exists in these fatty acid chains; not all carbons are fully bound to hydrogen; some are bound to one another

Front 68

phospholipids

Back 68

make up most cell membranes; one glycerol, and 2 fatty acid chains, the third link however is attached to a phosphate group; possesses a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end

Front 69

glycolipids

Back 69

have a carbohydrate instead of a phosphate; possesses a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end

Front 70

eicosanoids

Back 70

derived from the fatty acid called arachidonic acid; must be absorbed through diet;

Front 71

Leukotrienes

Back 71

active in immune system; response to injury and disease

Front 72

Prostaglandins

Back 72

Local hormones short-chain fatty acids; coordinate and direct cellular activities

Front 73

Steroids

Back 73

lipid-like molecules and cholesterol

Front 74

Lipid-like molecules

Back 74

hydrophobic; made from 4 fused carbon rings

Front 75

Cholesterol

Back 75

found in cell membranes; made by liver cells naturally and taken in through diet; precursor molecule from which other steroids are created;

Front 76

Proteins

Back 76

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; a chain of amino acids covalently bound together

Front 77

Storage proteins

Back 77

used to store nourishment

Front 78

enzymatic proteins

Back 78

selective acceleration of chemical reactions; speeds up reactions while conserving energy

Front 79

hormonal proteins

Back 79

coordination of organisms activities

Front 80

insulin

Back 80

used to cause cells to receive glucose

Front 81

contractile and motor proteins

Back 81

allows for contraction of muscle tissue or movement

Front 82

defensive proteins

Back 82

protection against disease, part of the immune system; antibodies made by white blood cells to fight infection and defend against

Front 83

Transport proteins

Back 83

transportation of substances throughout a body

Front 84

hemoglobin

Back 84

transports oxygen through the blood stream

Front 85

receptor proteins

Back 85

response to stimuli; receptors in nerve cells detect signaling molecules from other nerve cells

Front 86

Structural proteins

Back 86

support and composition of body components

Front 87

Amino acid structure

Back 87

central carbon & hydrogen. amino group, carboxyl group

Front 88

Amino acids vary based on...

Back 88

...what their radical (R) group contains

Front 89

Denaturation

Back 89

a change in the shape of a protein due to excessively high temperature of unfavorable pH

Front 90

Renaturation

Back 90

the change in shape back to original aspects once original conditions are restored

Front 91

Nucleic acids

Back 91

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; genetic material for organisms

Front 92

Nucleic acid functional groups

Back 92

hydroxyl and phosphate groups

Front 93

nucleotide structrure

Back 93

1 phosphate group, 1 pentose sugar, 1 nitrogenous base

Front 94

2 different pentose sugars

Back 94

deoxyribose, ribose

Front 95

purine

Back 95

double ringed, larger, adenine and guanine,

Front 96

pyrimidines

Back 96

single ringed, smaller, cytosine and thymine, uracil in RNA

Front 97

polynucleotides

Back 97

many nucleotides linked; phosphate groups bond 2 sugar groups together; attached to 5' end and 3'

Front 98

DNA

Back 98

2 strands of polynucleotides; double helix; nucleotides bound with hydrogen bonds;

Front 99

Adenine bonds to _______ (in DNA)

Back 99

thymine

Front 100

guanine bonds to

Back 100

cytosine

Front 101

RNA

Back 101

Single stranded polynucleotide

Front 102

in RNA, Thymine is replaced by

Back 102

Uracil

Front 103

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Back 103

two phosphate groups

Front 104

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 104

three phosphate groups and 1 adenosine molecule; acts like a battery for cells

Front 105

Phosphorylation

Back 105

Adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high-energy bond to form the high-energy compound ATP

Front 106

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

Back 106

the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP

Front 107

When a reaction with water removes a phosphate group from ATP,

Back 107

energy is released and can be used by the cell; remaining product is ADP or Adenosine Diphosphate