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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What are the five major aspects of psychological diagnosing?
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1. Description
2. Prognosis 3. Epidemiology 4. Explanation (etiology, maintenance, course) 5. Treatment (rx) |
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2. What is epidemiology?
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Scientific study of frequency and distribution of disorders w/in a population
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3. What was involved in the supernatural/mystical approach?
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Abnormalities came from evil spirits and treatment involved exorcism
Medicine man or shaman contacted evil spirit to remove it or curse it |
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4. What was an early approach to somatic treatment?
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Trephination
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5. What was involved in the psychogenesis approach?
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Abnormality was the result of how one feels, thinks, and/or perceives the world
Treatment: psychotherapy |
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6. What did psychotherapy involve?
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It involved examining behavior and thinking in order to modify it
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7. How were the mentally disturbed treated during the 16th century?
What changed in the 17th and 18th centuries? |
Increase in humanism/knowledge but generally mentally disturbed were punished
Scientific method came |
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8. What were some early uses of the scientific method?
Three... |
1. Physiognomy: phrenology of Gall
2. W. Cullen: neurotic behavior due to physical defects 3. Mezmer: treated disturbed behavior with magnets |
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9. How were the disturbed treated in the 19th century?
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In Great Britain there was greater acceptance of humanitarianism for mentally disturbed (built asylums away from towns)
In U.S. reform was slower (B. Rush and Dorothea Diz) |
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10. By the 1850's there was a reversal of the moral treatment movement why?
Three reasons |
1. Money and staff shortage
2. Declining recovery rates 3. Lack of more effective treatment for severely mentally ill |
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11. What two perspectives competed against one another in the early twentieth century?
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1. Somatogenic Perspective: abnormal f(x) due to physical cause
2. Psychogenic Perspective: abnormal f(x) has psychological cause |
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12. What two factors were responsible for the reemergence of the somatogenic perspective?
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1. Emil Kraeplin's textbook argued that physical factors lead to mental dyfunction
2. Several biological factors were made such as the link bwt untreated syphilis and general paresis |
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13. What two things gave rise to the popularity of the psychogenic perspective?
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1. Mesmer and hysterical disorders
2. Freud |
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14. What was discovered in the 1950's?
What did this lead to? |
Psychotropic meds discovered
-deinstitutionalization -outpatient care -some new problems |
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A1. What is a correlation study?
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It studies the relationship or association between two variables
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A2. What is the experimental method?
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A experiment is a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated (IV) and the manipulations effect on another variable is observed (DV)
*can apply rules of statistics |
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A3. What is a confound?
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Any variable that affects the DV that is not under the researcher's control and typically is not known about
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A4. What is a multiple baseline design?
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It examines tow or more dependent variables for change when an IV is introduced
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A5. In quasi experiments do researchers randomly assign subjects to groups?
What do they do? |
They use groups that already exist
To address problems of confounds, they use matched groups |
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A6. What are "matched" groups?
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These groups are "matched" to the experimental group based on demographic and other variables
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A7. What is an artifact?
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A result that is due to a confound rather than the IV
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A8. What are three ways to minimize the risk of confounds?
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1. Random assignment
2. Double-blind procedures 3. Estimating placebo effects |
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B1. What are the three paradigmatic approaches?
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1. Psychogenic
-psychodynamic -behavioral -cognitive/behavioral 2. Social -interpersonal and family systems -community 3. Somatic -genetics -neuroscience and psychophysiology |
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B2. What is the basis for the psychodynamic model?
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Underlying psychological forces are cause of abnormal behavior
Rests on deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is "accidental" |
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B3. What three things are associated with the behavioral paradigm?
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1. Associative (classical conditioning)
2. Reinforcement (operant) 3. Social learning (modeling) |
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B4. What is operant conditioning based upon?
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The idea that behavior is a function of its consequence
Contingency allows us to infer consequences |
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B5. What is positive reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement? |
Positive if rate of behavior increases when S is presented
Negative if rate increases when S is removed |
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B6. What do cognitive paradigms assume?
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Over behaviors originate in cognitive processes
-maladaptive assumptions -appraisals -causal attribution especially about control -automatic thoughts |
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B7. How do biological theorists explain abnormal behavior?
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illness brought on by malfunctioning parts of the organism (usually brain)
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B8. What are the three sources of biological abnormalities?
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1. Genetics
2. Evolution 3. Viral Infections (mutations) |
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B10. What are the methods used in behavioral genetics?
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1. Separated twin design
2. Non-twin adoption design 3. Classical twin designs |
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C1. What is reliability?
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A measure of the consistency of test or research results
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C2. What is validity?
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Accuracy of a test or study's results (extent to which test or study actually measures or shows what it claims)
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C3. what is concurrent validity?
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Degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with measures gathered from other assessment tools
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C4. What happens during assessment?
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Information is gathered and the goals are a differential diagnosis (specific dx), understand the individual, formulate treatment plan, and give prediction/prognosis
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C5. What is the most basic and frequently used method of assessing?
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Clinical Interview
-structured -unstructured |
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C6. What are some problems with interviews?
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1. Reliability varies with type
2. Validity b/c limit to self report (subjective) |
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C7. What are six other kinds of clinical tests?
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1. Projective tests
2. Personal inventories 3. Response inventories 4. psychological test 5. Neurological and neuropsychological tests 6. Intelligence tests |
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Abnormal Psychology?
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Scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
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Acetylcholine
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A neurotransmitter that has been linked to depression and dementia
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Acute Stress Disorder
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An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experience soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month
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Addiction
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Physical dependence on a substance, marked by such features as tolerance, withdrawal symptoms during abstinence, or both
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Affect
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An experience of emotion or mood
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Aftercare
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A program of posthospitalization care and treatment in the community
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Agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if paniclike symptoms were to occur
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1D. What is the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia
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Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period
-delusions -hallucinations -disorganized speech -grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior -negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia, or avolition |
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D2. What are the percentages for the types of hallucinations that schizophrenics have?
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70% of ppl with schizo experience hallucinations
-auditory (60%) -tactile (40%) -visual (33%) -gustatory/olfactory (least common) |
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D3. What are some examples of disorganized or catatonic behavior?
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1. Formal thought disorders
2. Loose associations 3. Neologisms (made up words) |
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D4. What is paranoid schizophrenia?
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Organized system of delusions and auditory hallucination
-little overlap with other categories -onset relatively late -better prognosis than other types |
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D5. What is catatonic schizophrenia?
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Disturbances in motor activity
-waxy inflexibility or extreme psychomotor excitement -rarely seen -poor prognosis |
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D6. What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?
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Must show 3 symptoms of schizophrenia, but not fit other 3 subtypes
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D7. What is the prevalence of schizophrenia
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0.5 to 1%
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D8. What is the psychodynamic view of causation for schizophrenia?
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Develops from two psychological processes:
1. regression to a pre-ego stage 2. efforts to reestablish ego control *no evidence for this view |
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D9. What is the behavioral view of causation for schizophrenia?
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Operant Conditioning
-lack of reinforcement for attention to social cues *no evidence for this view |
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D10. What is the cognitive view of causation for schizophrenia?
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Biological factors cause the symptoms but cognitive factors exacerbate symptoms and lead to new ones:
-faulty interpretation; misunderstanding by confident lead to feelings of paranoia *no evidence |
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D11. What is the sociacultural view of causation for schizophrenia?
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Social labeling influences the symptoms
Family Dysfunction: double-blind hypothesis Relapse: due to families high in expressed emotion |
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E1. What are the most helpful forms of psychotherapy for treating schizophrenia?
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Insight therapy, social therapy, and family therapy
*works best in conjunction with medication |
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E2. What type of therapist is most successful in insight therapy?
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Those who take an active role, set limits, express opinions, and challenge the patients' statements
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E3. What does family therapy try to address?
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Address issues like having high expresses emotion, create more realistic expectations, and provide psychoeducation about the disorder
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E4. What percentage of people recovering from schizophrenia live with family members?
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25%
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E5. What types of things does social therapy address?
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Includes practical advice, problem solving, decision making, social skills training, medication management, employment counseling, financial assistance, and housing
*this approach reduces rehospitalization |
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E6. When did congress pass the Community Mental Health Act?
What does it say? |
Passes in 1963
Said that patients should be able to receive care within their own communities, rather than being transported to institutions far from home |
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E7. What are the consequences of inadequate community treatment?
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1. 8% enter alternative care facility (nursing home)
2. 18% placed in privately run residences (untrained employees) 3. 31% in single room occupancy in rundown places 4. many become homeless (1/3 of homeless have schizophrenia) |
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F1. How do theorist explain paranoid personality disorder?
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Psychdynamic: demanding parents (distant fathers/rejecting mothers)
Cognitive: hold broad maladaptive assumptions Biological: genetic cause |
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F2. How many people are believed to experience paranoid PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
0.5 to 3% experience it
More men than women |
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F3. How do theories explain schizoid personality disorder?
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Psychodynamic:roots in unsatisfied need for human contact (unaccepting or abusive parents)
Cognitive:deficiencies in thinking (vague and empty) |
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F4. What percent of the population is believed to have schizoid PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
Present in fewer than 1% of population
Slightly more likely to occur in men and men may be more impaired by it |
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F5. How do theorist explain schizotypal PD?
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-Family conflicts and psychological disorders in parents are linked to it
-Defects in attention and STM may contribute -Some of the same biological factors found in schizophrenia |
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F6. How many people are estimated to have schizotypal PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
2 to 4% of all people
Slightly more in males than females |
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F7. How do theorists explain anti-social PD?
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Psychodynamic: absence of parental love during infancy (ppl with anti-social PD are more likely than others to have had significant stress in childhood)
Behavioral: modeling Cognitive: hold attitudes that trivialize importance of other's needs Biological: ppl w/ this disorder experience less anxiety than most |
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F8. What percent of people in the US meet the criteria for anti-social PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
3.5%
Four times more common in men |
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F9. How do theorists explain borderline PD?
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Early parent-infant relationship
-parental neglect -parental sexual/physical abuse (four times more likely to develop disorder) Family stressors: divorce, alcoholism Biological: lower serotonin levels and abnormalities in sleep Biosocial theory |
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F10. What is the biosocial theory?
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Disorder results from a combination of internal forces and external forces
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F11. What is the treatment of choice in borderline PD?
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy
-therapist actively and supportively try to help clients increase their ability to tolerate distress, learn new social skills, and respond more effectively to life situations |
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F12. What is the dynamic psychodynamic approach to treating borderline PD?
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Begin therapy in the present and then confront client about distortions
-deal with "splitting |
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F13. Do medications help treat borderline PD?
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Antidepressants, antibipolars, antianxiety, and antipsychotic drugs have helped calm the emotional and aggressive storms
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F14. What percentage of population is believed to suffer from borderline PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
1.5 to 2.5%
75% of patients who receive diagnosis are women |
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F15. How do theorists explain histrionic PD?
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Unhealthy relationships in which cold and uncontrolling parents left them feeling unloved and afraid of abandonment
Cognitive: self-focused and emotional Sociocultural: produced in part by society's norms and expectations |
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F16. What is the treatment for histrionic PD like?
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-People w/ disorder usually seek out treatment on their own
-Working with them can be hard though b/c they can be demanding, have tantrums, etc. -Ultimate aim is to make client more self-reliant -Medicine is ineffective unless used to treat depression symptoms |
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F17. What percentage of adults have histrionic PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
2% of adults
males and females equally affected |
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F18. How do theorists explain narcissistic PD?
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Cold, rejecting parents
-abused children or those that have lost parents through adoption, divorce, or death Cognitive/Behavioral: treated too positively rather than negatively Sociocultural: family values and social ideals produce self-centered/materialistic youth |
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F19. What percentage of adults display narcissistic PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
1% of adults
75% are men |
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F20. How doe theorists explain avoidant PD?
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Same causes as anxiety
-early traumas, conditioned fear, upsetting beliefs, or biochemical imbalance |
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F21. What is the psychodynamic view on avoidant PD?
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Shame
-trace back to childhood (maybe bowel or bladder accidents) -shame makes them feel unlovable and distrusting of other's love |
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F22. What is the cognitive view on avoidant PD?
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Harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead certain people to assume that others in their environment will always judge them negatively
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F23. What is treatment like for avoidant PD?
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Come to therapy in hope of finding acceptance and affection but many soon begin to avoid sessions
-distrust therapists sincerity -start to fear his or her rejection Treat as treat people w/ anxiety disorders and social phobias |
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F24. What percentage of adults have avoidant PD?
What is the sex ratio? |
1 to 2% of adults
Men as frequently as women |
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F25. How do theorist explain dependent PD?
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-Unresolved conflict during oral stage
-Early parental loss or rejection may prevent normal experiences of attachment and separation -Parents unintentionally reward children for clingy behavior -Dichotomous thinking and maladaptive attitudes |
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F26. How do theorist explain obsessive-compulsive PD?
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-Anal regressive
-Cognitive say illogical thinking processes help keep it going -Explanations that borrow heavy from from those for obsessive-compulsive diosrder |
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F27. What percentage of the population displays obsessive-compulsive PD?
What is the sex ratio |
2 to 5%
Usually white, educate, married, and employed Men are twice as likely as women to display disorder |
