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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is stress?
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Negative feelings and beliefs that arise when people feel unable to cope with demands from their environment
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Stress comes from a perceived....
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discrepancy between a person's demands and his / her resources to cope with those demands
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Distress
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Harmful, threatening (being in an abusive relationship)
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Eustress
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Less harmful, challenging (starting a new job--you like the situation you're in but still find it challenging)
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Acute
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Relatively sudden, short-lived (tests, traffic)
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Chronic
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Ongoing, persistent (job loss, serious illness)
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Physical stressors
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Direct physical threat to one's well-being
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Psychological Stressors
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Failure to reach an important goal, challenges to one's well being
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Fight or flight response
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Responding to a stressor by either attacking it or fleeing from it
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Maladaptive methods of handling threat
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Disrupts emotional and physiological functioning, can lead to health problems
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Brief drop in arousal (shock), dramatic increase in arousal (fight or flight), body tries to adapt to stressor, arousal declines slightly but remains higher than normal, stages of exhaustion (depleted of energy, disease and damage possible)
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Stress-related disorders
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skin disorders, tension disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disorders, immune system disorders, depression, anxiety
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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Diathesis is a predisposition to an illness, it may remain dormant unless triggered by stress.
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In the Cohen study measuring people exposed to the cold virus,
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the people who were most likely to develop the cold had more stressful life events, higher perceived stress, and higher negative affectivity.
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Perceived Control
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Belief that you can influence your environment in ways that determine if you experience positive or negative outcomes. Sense of control decreases stress, anxiety and depression. Perceived control is positively correlated with better health.
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Type A
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impatience, over-scheduling, multi-tasking, hostility, anger, aggressiveness, competitiveness, attribute negative events to internal causes, evaluate themselves more harshly
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Alcohol Myopia
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Intoxication limits cognitive capacity, no longer have necessary processing skills to attend to everything going on in the environment, more likely to engage in risky behaviors
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Impelling cues
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Call attention to benefits of risky behavior (sexual arousal, attractive person)
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Inhibiting cues
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Call attention to costs of risky behavior (STD, pregnancy)
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Emotional Inhibition
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Denial of negative emotions, inhibiting thoughts or feelings requires psychological effort --> stress
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Through ______, people organize their thoughts and find meaning in their experiences
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writing
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Attraction is determined by (4 things)
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PROXIMITY (the more we see and interact with someone, the more likely we are to develop a relationship with them), SIMILARITY (we like people who match our interests, personality, backgrounds, attitudes etc.), RECIPROCAL LIKING (we tend to like people who like us), ATTRACTIVENESS
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Different types of proximity
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geographical / actual distance, functional distance (likelihood you come into contact)
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Mere exposure effect
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the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it (except if we inherently dislike something / someone)
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Why does similarity matter?
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Similar people validate our own characteristics (make us believe we're right), we make negative inferences about people who disagree with us
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____ _____ faces are the most attractive because they look familiar and even.
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perfectly average
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Matching principle
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Tendency for people to choose partners that match their own levels of attractiveness (and other traits). When people don't match on attractiveness, the less attractive partner usually has compensating qualities.
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Social exchange theory
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Economic view of relationships: maximize rewards / benefits (positive qualities, money, good traits), minimize costs (negative qualities, conflict, sacrifices) --> comparison of rewards and costs determines relationship satisfaction
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Comparison level in the social exchange theory
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Expected rewards and costs of the relationship (low = easily satisfied and high = not easily satisfied)
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Comparison level for alternatives
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the expected rewards and costs for a different relationship (low = high commitment to current relationship and high = low commitment to current relationship)
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Equity Theory
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People are most satisfied in relationships in which both people put in and get out about the same (the ratio of rewards to costs is the same)
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What is intimacy?
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Feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness
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What is passion?
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Intense longing, physiological arousal, heart pounding, sexual attraction
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The difference between long and short term commitment?
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Both are decisions to love someone, but a long term commitment is a decision to MAINTAIN the love.
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Companionate love = ____ + _____
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Intimacy + Commitment
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Fatuous Love = _____ + ______
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Passion + Commitment
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Passion
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Infatuation
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Romantic love = _____ + ______
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Intimacy + passion
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Infatuated love
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Love at first sight, can be obsessive, great deal of sadness when love is not reciprocated. Intense longing for person + physiological arousal
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Empty love
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Happens at the beginnings of an arranged marriage, no emotion or physical relationship, can change and evolve
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Romantic love
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Physical attraction and sharing of emotions, not long term
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Companionate love
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Family relationships, long-term, deep friendships, intimacy, affection and deep caring but no passion or arousal
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Fatuous love
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Marriage in which a commitment is motivated by passion without intimacy. Over time, the love increases.
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Consummate love
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Ultimate ideal love, combines all component, passion tends to fluctuate.
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Eros is an example of what type of love?
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Passionate love (love at first sight based on physical attractiveness)
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Agape is an example of what type of love?
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Selfless love (putting one's lover above themself). Related to religiosity.
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Mania
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Possessive love, your own self esteem is based on relationship, jealous, strong desires to be told the partner is committed to them.
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Pragma
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Logical love, cognitive appreciate for other's quality. "it is best to love somebody with a similar background."
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Ludus
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Game playing love, flirtatious and not committed. Men have higher ratings. (Players)
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Storge
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Friendship love, very close friendship becomes love. "Love is a really deep friendship, not a mysterious, mystical emotion."
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The 6 most important qualities within a person
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physical attractiveness, ambition and industriousness, exciting personality, well off, good looks, caring and responsible personality
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Men prefer:
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Looks, exciting personality, attractiveness
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Women prefer:
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money, caring, ambition, exciting personality
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3 Parts of the evolutionary theory of love
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mate selection (men prefer women who look like they can reproduce, women prefer men who have more resources), jealousy, promiscuity (men are predicted to be more promiscuous)
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Memory is based on
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Acquisition > storage > retrieval
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High levels of _____ can impair memory for the event that happened
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stress
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Weapon focus effect
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The presence of a weapon draws attention and impairs a witness's ability to identify a culprit
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Own-Race Bias
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People are better at identifying their own races, there are more errors when the other person is of a different race (hard to remember distinguishing features)
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Reconstructive Memory
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The process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred.
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Source Memory
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The process whereby people try to identify the source of their memories
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Misleading questions throw off...
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retrieval of accurate memories
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When witnesses are repeatedly asked their testimony, their ______ increases but not their accuracy.
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Their confidence increases but not their accuracy.
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Relative Judgment Process
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Eyewitnesses have a strong propensity to select a person from a lineup who most closely resembles the perpetrator relative to the other members of that lineup.
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How do we solve the relative judgment problem?
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Stop relative judgment processes, force absolute judgment processes (one person comes out at a time so that the witness cannot compare all)
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What is the problem with instruction bias? ("Try to pick out the person who robbed you VS. The lineup may or may not contain the person who robbed you"
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Wording of instructions to witnesses can drastically affect responses to lineups.
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Lineup Construction Bias
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Anything that makes the suspect stand out from a lineup biases the lineup against the suspect.
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Reasons for inaccuracy within a lie detector test
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experience is stressful, potentially embarrassing, fearful --> changes in the baseline arousal rate
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Men reported more jealousy / upset feelings over _____, while women reported more jealous / upset feelings over _______.
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Men - sexual infidelity. Women reported emotional infidelity.
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Resilience
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Mild, transient reactions to stressful events, followed by a quick return to normal, healthy functioning. People who suffered a trauma in 9/11 soon returned to living a normal life.
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Internal-external locus of control
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The tendency to believe that things happen because we control them vs. believing that good and bad outcomes are out of our control
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Self-efficacy
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The belief in ones ability to carry out specific actions that produce specific outcomes. For example, low self efficacy = believing i can't fall asleep --> more likely to not fall asleep / fail vs. high self efficacy = believing i can fall asleep --> more likely to fall asleep / succeed
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Tend-and-Befriend Response
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Responding to stress with nurturant activities designed to protect oneself and one's offspring (tending) and creating social networks that provide protection from threats (befriending)
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Attachment styles (secure, avoidant, anxious / ambivalent)
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The expectation people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver during infancy. (Secure: trust, not concerned they will be abandoned, grow up with the view that they are well liked and worthy. Avoidant: caregiver avoids being intimate with infant, grow up finding it difficult to form intimate relationships with other. Anxious / Ambivalent: Afraid others will not reciprocate one's desire of intimacy, grow up to be very anxious)
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Acquisition
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The process by which people notice and pay attention to information in the environment; because people cannot perceive everything that is happening around them, they acquire only a subset of the information available in the environment.
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Polygraph
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A machine that measures people's physiological response. Polygraph operators attempt to tell if someone is lying by observing that person's physiological responses that occur while answering questions
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Recovered memories
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Recollections of a past event, such as sexual abuse, that had been forgotten or repressed.
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False Memory Syndrome
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Thinking you remember a past traumatic experience that never actually happened but you think it did.
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