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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cells of the body are serviced by what 2 fluids?
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blood/interstitial flood
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blood
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composed of plasma and a variety of cells
transports nutrients and wastes |
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interstitial fluid
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bathes the cells of the body
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what difuses from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells?
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nutrients and oxygen
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wastes move in what direction?
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reverse
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hematology
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study of blood and blood disorders
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what are the functions of blood?
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transportation regulation protection from disease and lost of blood
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buffers
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turn strong into a weaker
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transportation
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02/co2/metabolic waste/nutrients/heat and hormones
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regulation
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ph (buffers)
body temp.(coolant properties of water) (vasolidation of surface vessels dump heat) water content of cells(interaction with disolved irons and proteins) |
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protection from disease
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white blood cells
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what protects from the loss off blood?
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platelets
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blood is what compared to water?
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thicker and flows more slowly
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blood volume
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higher in males because of testosterome
(stimulates red blood cell production) |
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blood volume is controlled by what?
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negative feed back loop
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hepatocytes
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liver cell
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components of blood
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hematocrit plasma/cells/99%rbc/1%wbc and platelets
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blood plasma
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water/plasma proteins/other substances
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plasma proteins are
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created in the liver
confined to bloodstream |
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plasma proteins found in blood plasma are
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albumin/globulins/fibrinogen
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albumin
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maintain blood osmotic pressure
carry substances that can not be carried in water |
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globulins
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(immunoglobulins)-antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens
-form antigen antibody complexes |
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fibrinogen
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for clotting
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other substances in blood plasma
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electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, and wate products
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what do albumin, globulins, and fibrogens all have in common?
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-all made by liver cells
-all play a role in creating asthmatic pressure |
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rbcs
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erythrocytes
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wbcs
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leukocytes
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wbcs are
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granular(dyes)
agranular |
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platelets
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special cell fragments
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what are formed elements of blood?
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rbcs
wbcs platelets |
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hematocrit
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percentage of blood occupied by cells
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what causes high blood pressure?
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thickness of blood
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anemia
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not enough rbcs or hemoglobin
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polycythemia
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too many rbcs
-dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping |
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formation of blood cells in a adult
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occurs only in red marrow of flat bones
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formation of blood cells in the embryo
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occurs in yolk sac,liver,spleen,thymus,lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
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most blood cells need to be
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continually replaced
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what is the process of blood cell formation?
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hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
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pluripotent stem cell
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all formed elements of blood are made from this one cell that divides and diferentiates
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pluripotent stem cells ------ themselves as they difrentiate into
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replenish
myeloid or lymphoid stem cells |
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myeloid stem cell line
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-progenitor cells no longer can divide and are specialized to form specific cell types
-next generation is blast cells |
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blast cells
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has recognizable histological characteristics
develop within several divisions into mature cell types |
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progenitor cells
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colony forming units
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hemopoietic growth factors
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-regulate differentiation and proliferation
-erythropoietin(epo) -thrombopoietin (tpo) -cytokines are local hormones of bone marrow |
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erythropoietin
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produced by kidneys increase rbc precursors
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thrombopoietin
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hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation
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cytokines are local hormones of bone marrow
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produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferation in other marrow cells
colony stimulating factor (csf) and interlukin stimulate white blood cell production |
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rbcs live
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120 days
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in macrophages of liver and spleen
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-globin portion broken down into amino acids and recycled
-heme portion split into iron and biliverdin |
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iron
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-transported in blood attached to transferin protein
-stored in liver, muscle, or spleen (attached to ferritin or hemosiderin protein) -in bone marrow used for hemoglobin synthesis |
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bilverdin converted to bilirubin
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bilirubin secreted by the liver into bile
-converted to urobilinogen then stercobilin by bacteria of large intestine -if reabsorbed from intestines into blood is converted to a yellow pigment urobilin and secreted in urine |
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erythropoiesis
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erythrocyte formation
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erythropoiesis production of rbcs
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-proerythroblasts start to produce hemoglobin
-many steps later nucleus is ejected and a reticulocyte is formed -reticulocytes escape from bone marrow into the blood -in 1-2 days they eject the remaining organneles to become a mature rbc |
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feedback control of rbc production
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tissue hypoxia
kidney response to hypoxia -release erythropoietin -speeds up development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes |
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normal reticulocyte count
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low count in an anemic person might indicate bone marrow problems
high count might indicate recent blood loss or a successful iron therapy |
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wbc anatomy and type
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all wbcs (leukocytes) have a nucleus and no hemoglobin
granular or agranulae classification |
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granulocytes
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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agranulocytes
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monocytes or lymphocytes
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monocyte is the largest
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wbc in circulating blood
-does not remain in blood long before migrating to the tissues -differentiate into macrophages |
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leukocytosis
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high white blood cell count
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leukopenia
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low wbc count
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emigration and phagocytosis in wbcs
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- wbcs roll along endothelium, stick to it and squeeze between cells
-neutrocytes and macrophages phagocytize bacteria and debris |
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chemotaxis
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walking toward
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kinins
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when cells die it creates a substance letting other structures know to watch out, and telling white blood cells to come clean up
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neutrophil fx
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-fastest response of all wbc to bacteria
_direct actions against bacteria -release lysozymes -release defensive proteins -release strong oxidants |
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monocyte fx
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clean up crew
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basophil fx
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turn into mast cells
heighten the inflametory response and account for hypersensitivity(allergic reaction) |
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eosinophil fx
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watch dog for basophils
release histaminase -slows down inflimation caused by basophils -attack parasitic worms |
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lymphocyte fx
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b-cells in lymphatic
t-cells kill directly natural killer cells |
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neutrophils/lymphocytes/monocytes/eosinophil/basophil
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up bacterial/up if viral/up if fungal,viral infection/up if parasite or allergy reaction/up if allergy reaction or hypothyroid
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platelet
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thrombocyte
form in bone marrow short life span 5-9 days |
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hemostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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blood cloting
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coagulation-formation of fibrin threads
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vascular spasm
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reflex contraction of smooth muscle of small blood vessel
reduce blood loss for a couple of hours |
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3 steps involved in platelet plug formation
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platelet adhesion, platelet release reactions, platelet aggregation
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clotting cascade
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-prothrombinase is formed by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
-final common pathway produces fibrin threads extrensic/intrinsic |
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roll of vitamin k in clotting factors
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needed for production of clotting factors
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