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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inference
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A logical interpretation of science
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To be useful in science, a hypothesis must be ____
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testable
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Controlled experiments
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only one variable is tested at a time
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A skeptical attitude in science
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a new idea will only be accepted if it is backed by evidence
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The purpose of peer review in science
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ensure that published results meet standards set by the scientific community
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Scientific theory
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Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
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To ensure that a scientific work is free of bias and meets standards set by the scientific community, a research group's work is peer reviewed by
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anonymous scientific experts
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A scientific theory does NOT
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have the same meaning in science as it does in daily life
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A meter is equal to
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1000 milimeters
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Positively charged particle is
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proton
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2 or more different atoms combined in definite proportions
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compound
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Covalent bond
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sharing of electrons
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When you shake sugar & sand in a test tube, you form a ____
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mixture
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Acid
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compound that produces hydrogen ions in a solution
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Water has a ____
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high heat capacity
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Proteins are polymers formed by
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amino acids
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An enzyme speeds up a reaction by ____
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lowering the activation energy
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A reactant binds to an enzyme at the
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active site
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Elements/compounds that enter a chemical reaction
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reactants
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Ionic bonds
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chemical bonds that involve the total transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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How do isotopes of the same element differ
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number of neutrons and mass
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Lipids are made up of ___
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glycerol and fatty acids
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Nucleotides consist of _____,______, and ____
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phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and a 5-carbon sugar
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Biosphere
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all of life on Earth
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Community
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a group of different species that live together in a defined area
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Primary producers
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use energy from the environment to convert inorganic molecules to organic molecules
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How do ALL consumers get their energy?
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Eating organisms that are living or were once living
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Food chain
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Series of steps in which a large fish eats a small fish that has eaten algae
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Biomass pyramid
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Total amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem
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Nutrients move through an ecosystem in ____
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biogeochemical cycles
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Phosphorus cycle does not enter the atmosphere
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.
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Population
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group of individuals that belong to a single species and live together in a defined area
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What is not true about matter in the biosphere?
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amount of matter decreases over time
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Source of energy for Earth's living things
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sunlight and chemical energy
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Human activities move carbon through the atmosphere through ____ processes
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biogeochemical
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Abiotic factors
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physical/nonliving components of an ecosystem
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Increase in the greenhouse effect causes an increase in _____
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temperature
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A small valley where the average temperature is higher than the countryside has its own ____
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microclimate
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Commensalism
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one organism is helped and the other is neither helped nor harmed
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Parasitism
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Tick and its host
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Fires, hurricanes, and other natural disturbances can result in_____
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succession
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Pioneer species
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first organisms to repopulate an area affected by a volcanic eruption
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Canopy
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dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall trees
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Permafrost characterizes the biome called _____
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tundra
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Benthos
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Organisms that live on or near the ocean floor
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Factor that has the greatest effect on determining a region's climate
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distance from the equator
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Niche
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way an organism makes its living including its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors of an environment
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Competitive exclusion
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A newly introduced species fills a niche normally occupied by a a native species and the 2 compete resulting in a species dying out
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Photosynthetic algae are likely to be found in ____
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the photic zone
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Water of an estuary is __
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fresh and salt water
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biome where organisms have the greatest tolerance to dry conditions
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desert
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Nonrenewable resource
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Cannot be easily replenished by natural processes
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Desertification
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conversion of a once soil-rich area to an area of little to no vegetation
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erosion
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loss of fertile soils from an area through an action of water or wind
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Sustainable development
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concept of using natural resources at a rate that oes not deplete them
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Burning of fossil fuels is a direct cause of each except
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ozone hole
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species introduced to an environment where it has not lived before is
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nonnative
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Ecological footprint
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total impact a person has on the biosphere
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Renewable resources can be replaced by ____
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natural means`
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coal is a _____ resource
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nonrenwable
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not a direct effect of deforestation
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biological magnification
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biodiversity
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total variety of organisms in the biosphere
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ozone is made up of ____
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oxygen
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ozone depletion in the atmosphere is caused by ___
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CFCs
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biological magnification
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concentrations of harmful substances increase in higher trophic levels
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Structure that control's the cell's activities
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nucleus
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All cells have DNA and a ___
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cell membrane
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difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote
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nucleus
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In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are found in the __
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nucleus
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lysosomes
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break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules used by the cell
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cell membranes consist mainly of
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lipid bilayers
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osmosis
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movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
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Substance moves by passive transport tends to move
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away from high concentration
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All single-celled organisms ___
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reproduce
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A tissue is made up of
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similar cells
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animal cells have all but a
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chloroplast
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Nucleus has all but a
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cytoplasm
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human brain is an
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organ
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___ are sometimes attracted to the ER
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ribosomes
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Exocytosis
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movement of materials inside the cell to outside the cell
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Endocytosis is an example of ___
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active transport
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principle chemical compound that living things use to store energy
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ATP
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amount of ATP compared to amount of energy in a glucose molecule is ___
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less
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when a candle burns, energy is released in the form of
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light and heat
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Photosynthesis requires
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water and carbon dioxide
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leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll
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reflects green light
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1st process in light-dependent reactions are
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light-absorption
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substance from light-dependent reactions is a source for calvin cycle
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NADPH
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light-indpendent reactions are also known as
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calvin cycle
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ATP synthase in chloroplast membrane makes ATP using the energy of
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hydrogen ions
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CAM plants are specialized to survive under
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hot and dry conditions
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principal pigment in plants
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chlorophyll
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color of light least useful to a plant during photosynthesis
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green
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1st step in photosynthesis
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light absorption
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Each gram of glucose contains
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4 Calories
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Cellular respiration
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process that releases energy from food in presence of oxygen
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first step in releasing energy of glucose
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glycolysis
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net gain from glycolysis
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2 ATP molecules
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Krebs cycle takes place within
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mitochondira (matrix)
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Electron transport chain uses high-energy electrons from Krebs cycle to
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move hydrogen ions across the matrix
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because fermentation does not take place in oxygen it is
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anaerobic
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process carried out by yeast that causes bread dough to rise
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alcoholic fermentation
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buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells results in
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oxygen debt
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raw materials needed for cellular respiration
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oxygen and glucose
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during krebs cycle
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pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2
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substance needed to begin glycolysis
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ATP
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most of cellular respiration takes place in the
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mitochondria
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human body can use all sources of energy except
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alcoholic fermentation
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substance broken down during glycolysis
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glucose
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during cellular respiration: ____ are released as byproducts
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carbon dioxide and water
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Krebs is a ___ process
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aerobic
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Rate at which materials enter and leave the cell depends on the cell's
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surface area
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for a cell to divide, a cell must first ____
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duplicate its genetic info
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process that increases genetic diversity
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sexual reproduction
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sister chromatids are attached to each other at the
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centromere
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in plant cells, ____ forms midway between the divided nuclei during cytokinesis
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cell plate
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timing in cell cycle controlled by related proteins known as
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cyclins
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External regulatory proteins direct cells to
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speed up or slow down the cell cycle
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bone marrow cells that produce blood cells are
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adult stem cells
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totipotent cells
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can develop into any type of cell
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At beginning of cell division: chromosome has 2
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chromatids
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period between cell divisions
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cyclins
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internal regulators
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respond to internal problems
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