Biology Finals 1St Semester

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Mitosis and its stages

Back 1

Cell division- interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, asexual reproduction, replacement, repair, growth, cell must have copies of chromosomes

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meiosis and its stages

Back 2

sexual reproduction 2 parents 2 divisions 4 cells (distinguished) half the number of chromosomes prophase 1- synapsis metaphase 1, anaphase 1,telophase 1, prophase 2 each cell has two chromosomes, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

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gamete and somatic cells

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sex haploid and body diploid cells

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haploid and diploid

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1st set 23 chromosomes/ 2nd set 46 chromosomes

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chromosome

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rod like structures containing hereditary information

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homologous chromosome

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each pair of chromosome (identical)

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid- instructions to make protein, develop life

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nitrogenous base

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Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and sometimes Uracil

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nucleotide

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one kind of unit of nitrogenous base 4 nucleotide= 4 bases

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hydrogen bond

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one of the structures of DNA that hold nitrogenous bases

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transcription

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MrNA copies the genetic code of DNA

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RNA

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Ribonucleic Acid

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mRNA

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messenger ribonucleicacid

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rRNA

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ribosomal ribonucleic acid

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tRNA

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transfer ribonucleicacid

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codon

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each group of 3 bases on MRNA

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ribosome

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the organelle in which protein synthesis occurs

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amino acid

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the structural unit of proteins

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translation

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info coded in RNA to make amino acids

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mutation

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change in structure of genetic material which is mostly harmful

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chromosomal mutation

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change in organism's chromosome material

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gene mutation

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change affects gene on a chromosome

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translocation mutation

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transfer of part of chromosome to non homologous chromosome

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inversion mutation

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chromosome is rotated

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addition mutation

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piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to homologous chromosome

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deletion mutation

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when a piece of a chromosome breaks off; resulting in the loss of some genes

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non-disjunction mutation

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addition or loss of an entire chromosome

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polyploidy

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cells that have a multiple of one chromosome

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point mutation

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the only gene mutation/ when only a single nucleotide in a gene has been changed

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dominant

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RR, Rr, stronger

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recessive

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rr, weaker

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homozygous

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RR, rr same

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heterozygous

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Rr, rR different

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punnett square

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2 x 2 boxes, 2 letters

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di-hybrid cross

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4 x 4 boxes 4 letters

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cancer

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disease when cell division makes cells in one area too fast, that it forms a lump in that area

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atom

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the basic building block of life

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element

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one kind of an atom

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compounds

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2 or more kinds of atoms combined

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atomic number

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# of protons in an atom

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isotope

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different forms of the same element

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diffusion

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movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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osmosis

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diffusion of water through a
semi- permeable membrane
something can partially go through

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prokaryotic

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no nucleus, ex. bacteria

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eukaryotic

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true nucleus, can be broken down into animal and plant cell

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animal cell

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a eukaryotic cell with a nucleus, but no cell wall

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plant cell

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eukaryotic cell that has chloroplasts, a cell wall, and is rigid

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nucleus

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command center of the cell

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mitochondria

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power plant of the cell

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ribosomes

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organelle where DNA is made and where protein synthesis occurs

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endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

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rough- yes ribosomes
smooth- no ribosomes

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cytoplasm

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holds the cell together ex. gelatin

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cell wall

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outer side of the cell (Plant cells only)

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cell membrane

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fence of the cell

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lipid bi-layer

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a border in the membrane/ two layers that contain hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads

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golgi apparatus

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delivery services of cell

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lysosome

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scrap yard of cell

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vacuole

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storage for the cell

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chloroplasts

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(plant cell) site of photosynthesis

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metric system

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Si units used by scientists all over the world mega- 1,000,000
kilo- 1,000
deci- 0.10
centi- 0.01
mili- 0.001
micro- 0.000001
nano- 0.000000001

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active transport

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transfer of materials across a cell membrane with expenditure of cellular energy

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passive transport

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transfer of material across a cell membrane with no expenditure of cellular energy

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semi- permeable membrane

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allows certain molecules (smaller) to diffuse across, but not all can (larger)