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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
negatively charged particles in an atom are
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electrons
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protons and neutrons are found in the
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nucleus
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a ____ bond forms between two atoms sharing electrons
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convalent
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substance with a pH lower than 7
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acid
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substance with a pH higer than 7
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base
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long chains of nucleotides are called
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nucleic acid
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portion of an enzyme molecule into which a specific substrate can fit is called the
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active site
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a cell with a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope
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eukaryotic cell
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all substances that enter or leave a cell must cross the cell
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membrane
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proteins that aid in moving substances into and out of the cell are called
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carrier proteins
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The ____ houses a cell's DNA, which contains heredity information
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nucleus
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The organelles that are the site of protein synthesis in a cell are called
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ribosomes
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Photosynthesis take place in the _____ of plant cells
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chloroplasts
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Both plant cells and animal cells have cell membranes. In addition, plant cells are surrounded by a _____
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cell wall
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The random motion of a substance that causes the substance to move from an are of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called
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diffusion
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The diffusion of _____ through cell membranes is called osmosis
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water
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When the concentration of free water molecules is higher outside a cell than inside the cell, water will diffuse ___ the cell.
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into
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If cell is placed in a _____ solution, water will flow out of the cell.
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hypertonic
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If cell is placed in a ___ solution, water will flow into the cell.
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hypotonic
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If a cell is placed in an ____ solution, water flows into the cell at a rate that is equal to the rate at which water flows out of the cell.
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isotonic
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In facilitated diffusion,___ proteins are used to transport substances down their concentration gradient
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transport
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In ___ ___, carrier proteins do not require energy to transport amino acids into a cell.
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facilitated transport
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Active transport require the use of ___ by a cell.
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ATP
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Nutrients exiting
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exocytosis
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Nutrients entering
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endocytosis
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The ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth in the
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sun
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Energy from the sun enters living systems through ___ such as plants and certain bacteria.
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producers
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Heterotrophs get energy from food through the process of ____ _____.
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cellular respiration
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Ther energy currency of a cell is know as ___
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ATP
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During the first stage of photosynthesis, ___ ____ is absorbed by chlorophyll.
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light reactions
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During the second stage of photosynthesis, the electron transport chain transfers light energy to two molecules, ___ and ____.
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NADPH and ATP
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Glucose is split into smaller molecules during a biochemical pathway called
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glycolysis
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During the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is converted to
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pyruvate
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During the second stage of cellular repiration, pyruvate enters ____ where ATP will be produced.
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mitochondria
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In the absence of oxygen, instead of aerobic respiration following glycolysis, glycolysis is followed by
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fermentation
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Binary ____ is the process by which bacteria split asexually into two identical organisms.
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fission
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Following replication of its DNA, each chromosome contains two ____, which are attached to each other by a centromere.
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chromatids
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Chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination are called
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autosomes
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The X and Y chromosomes are called the ____ chromosomes
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sex
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Time spent in G1 + S + G2
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interphase
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A cell's DNA is copied during the ____ phase.
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synthesis
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Cells that are not dividing remain in the __ phase
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G1
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In mitosis, anaphase follows
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metaphase
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Chromosomes coil up and become visible during
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prophase
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Chromatids migrate toward poles as spindle fibers shorten during
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anaphase
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In plant cells, a ____ _____ forms in the center of the cells during cytokinesis
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cell plate
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A reciprocal exchange of corresponding segments of DNA is called ___-___.
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crossing-over
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The patterns that Mendel discovered form the basis of ____, the branch of biology that deals with heredity.
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genetics
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The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
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heredity
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Different forms of a particular gene are called
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alleles
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An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is called
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homozygous
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The set of alleles an organism has inherited
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genotype
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The external apperance of an organism as determined by what alleles are present is
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phenotype
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A DNA subunit composed of phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a
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nucleotide
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The name of the five-carbon sugar that make up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is
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deoxyribose
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Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a
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double helix
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The process by which DNA copies itself is called
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replication
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The enzyme that is responsible for replicating molecules of DNA by attaching complementary bases in the correct sequence is called
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DNA polymerase
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Nitrogen containing base that is only found in RNA
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Uracil
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Messenger RNA is produced during the process of
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transcription
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During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of
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transfer RNA
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Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called
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anticodons
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The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a
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codon
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The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of
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translation
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The form of ribonucleic acid that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes is
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mRNA
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A ______ consists of all the individuals of a particular species in a particular place.
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population
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The way in which members of a population are arranged in a given area is referred to as
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density
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The population size that can be sustained by an environment
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carrying capacity
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The physical area in which an organism lives
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habitiat
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The living organisms in a habitat are called ____ factors.
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biotic
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Animals know as _____ eat only primary producers
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herbivores
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Bacteria that breaks down dead tissue
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decomposers
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A path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem
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food chain
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Interrelated food chains in an ecosystem are called
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food web
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The general term for the biotic relationship in which one organism benefits and another is often harmed but not killed
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Parasitism
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Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor suffers harm
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commensalism
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A close relationship between two dissimilar organisms in which one organism usually benefits
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symbiotic
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A fish called a cleaner wrasse eats the tiny parasites that cling to and feed upon much larger fish. Therefore, the cleaner wrasse has a ______ relationship with the larger fish
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mutualisitic
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A ____ describes the habitat, feeding habitats, other aspects of an organism's biology, and its interactions with other organisms and the environment.
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niche
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Major biological community that occurs over a large area of land
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biome
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