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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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true or false? all living things are made of cells |
true |
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what living thing is smaller than a cell? |
nothing smaller than a cell is considered "living" |
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when were cells discovered? |
when compound lenses were produced in the 1600’s |
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who discovered the cell? |
Anton von Leeuwenhoek |
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who named the cell after looking at cork cells? |
Robert Hooke |
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who named the cell nucleus? |
Robert Brown |
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developed the first parts of the cell theory for all plants? |
Matthias Schleiden |
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developed the first parts of the cell theory for all animals. |
Theodor Schwann |
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all plants (Schleiden) and animals (Schwann) are made of .... |
cells |
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___ are the basis of the structure and function of plants (Schleiden) and animals (Schwann)iz |
cells |
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who added the final statement to cell theory: new cells are produced from existing cells |
Rudolf Virchow |
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proposed, in 1966, that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once independent life forms, but they came to be symbiotically associated with other cells (Endosymbiosis Theory). |
Lynn Margulis |
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the ideas of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow what became what is now known as "Cell Theory" |
1.all living things are based on cells 2. organisms are limited to what their cells can do 3. cells can only make more cells by reproducing themselves |
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associate the cellular transport systems with descriptions of their activities or structures. Some proteins actually serve as a pump and they move particles against their concentration gradient from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. These proteins do not form a door and they will not let the particles move in the wrong direction. |
active transport |
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associate the cellular transport systems with descriptions of their activities or structures. the movement of substances from areas of high concentration to other areas of low concentration, caused by the constant random motion of particles due to kinetic energy |
diffusion |
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associate the cellular transport systems with descriptions of their activities or structures. -the movement of a solute through a membrane using a channel protein within the cell membrane of a cell, from areas of high to low concentration by diffusion alone. |
facilitated diffusion |
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associate the cellular transport systems with descriptions of their activities or structures. -the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from areas where it is highly concentrated to areas where it is less concentrated. |
osmosis |
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associate the cellular transport systems with descriptions of their activities or structures: -the engulfment of a prey cell by another predatory cell through the movement of the cytoplasm and cell membrane of the predatory cell around the prey cell. In depth detail: a small ciliate is engulfed by movement of the cell membrane of a larger amoeba, the ciliate in a vacuole fuses with a lysosome, the lysosome enzymes break down the polymers of the ciliate, the ciliate's monomers diffuse into the cell, the undigestible portions of the ciliate are exocytosed (ejected) from the amoeba |
phagocytosis |
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associate the cellular transport systems with descriptions of their activities or structures. -the ejection of large proteins |
exocytosis |
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label a and function |
chloroplast stores solar energy |
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label b and function |
Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins |
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label c and function |
Vacuole stores water |
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label d and function |
Microtubules cytoskeletal material |
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label e and function |
rough er transports proteins |
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label f and function |
nucleus protects chromosomes |
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label g and function |
nucleolus produces ribosomes |
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label h and function |
smooth er detoxifies substances |
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label i and function |
cell membrane regulates material entry to cell |
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label j and function |
microfilaments internal cell movement |
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label k and function |
mitochondrion produces usable cellular energy |
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label L and function |
centriole aid in microtubule production |
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label m and function |
ribosome produce polypeptides |
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label n and function |
cell wall made of cellulose |
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label o and function |
cilia pushes cell through water |
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label p and function |
flagella (which is made of microtubules). - pulls cell through water |
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label 1 |
hydrocarbon tail |
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label 2 |
glucose |
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label 3 |
marker protein transport energy |
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label 4 |
transport protein *door* |
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label 5 |
ion |
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label 6 |
transport protein *pumps* |
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label 7 |
phosphate head |
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label 8 |
phospholipid allow large molecules to enter and leave |
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the smallest living thing that retains all of the basic properties of life. |
cell |
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an explanation of life forms which states that all organisms are made of cells, that their cells are the basis of their structure and function, and that all cells can only come from other preexisting cells. |
cell theory |
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an organism that contains membrane-bound organelles within its cell(s). |
eukaryote |
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a cell without membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. |
prokaryote |
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in an atom, the central, small, dense region that contains protons and neutrons; in a cell, the organelle that contains and protects DNA which controls the cell. |
nucleus |
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the loose arrangement of DNA within a non-dividing cell that actively produces protein to direct a cell's activities. |
chromatin |
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tightly wound linear form of DNA within a dividing cell; also used to describe the linear DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell. |
chromosome |
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an organized cell part. |
organelle |
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an organelle of cells that is responsible for polypeptide assembly. |
ribosome |
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a membrane-bound organelle that encloses a space and which transports polypeptides and RNA from one area of a cell to another and contains enzymes to convert substrates to products. |
endoplasmic reticulum |
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a stack of flattened and distinct membranous discs responsible for the modification |
Golgi apparatus |
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a membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to break down old and worn-out organelles. |
lysosome |
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a membrane-bound sac that contains water (plants) or food and water (animals). |
vacuole |
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a double-membrane-bound organelle that takes in pyruvate, ADP, and P to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. |
mitochondrion |
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a double-membrane-bound organelle found in photosynthetic autotrophs which takes in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen gas. |
chloroplast |
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a double-layer of phospholipids and cholesterol that surrounds, protects, and helps to determine the composition of the cytoplasm of a cell. |
cell membrane |
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a thick layer of cellulose sometimes reinforced with lignin that is used to protect plant and algae cells. |
cell wall |
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the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from areas where it is highly concentrated to areas where it is less concentrated. |
osmosis |
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the movement of a solute through a membrane using a channel protein within the cell membrane of a cell, from areas of high to low concentration by diffusion alone. |
facilitated diffusion |
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the movement of a solute through a cell membrane by the use of a membrane protein that uses ATP energy from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. |
active transport |
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the engulfment of a prey cell by another predatory cell through the movement of the cytoplasm and cell membrane of the predatory cell around the prey cell. |
phagocytosis |
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Which of the following cells is most likely a human cell? |
2 |
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Which of the following cells contains chloroplasts? |
1 |
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Which cell(s) most clearly have a nucleus visible? (list your choices separated by dashes) |
2-4 |
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Which of the following cells contains starch? |
3 |
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Which will be the result of placing the cells pictured in the solution pictured ? a. the cells will expand b. the beaker water will rise c. the cells will not change d.the cells will shrink |
a |
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if cells are bathed in pure water (hypotonic), more water will try and enter the cell than exit. What will happen to the cells? |
this can burst (lysis) the cell if it has no cell wall to protect itself |
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if cells are bathed in concentrated salt water (hypertonic),What will happen to the cells? |
they can shrink and die because of water loss (plasmolysis) |
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______ solutions have equal water concentrations |
isotonic |
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A cell membrane is about ____ % protein and ____ % lipid by mass. |
50% 50% |
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State the Cell theory. |
1. all living things are based on cells. 2. Organisms are limited to what their cells can do. 3. Cells can only make more cells by reproducing themselves. |
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Where do Eukaryotes store their DNA? |
w/in a protective "nucleus" |
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True or false? Eukaryotes only have unicellular forms? |
false. they have unicellular AND multicellular forms |
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True or false? Prokaryotes have circular loop of DNA that is not contained w/in a protective membrane. |
true |
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True or false? Prokaryotes are multicellular. |
false. they're unicellular only. |
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How do antibiotics work? |
by killing prokaryotes but not you. |
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Over a billion years ago, __________ appeared on the planet, after more than 2 billion years of ________ domination. |
eukaryotes prokaryote |
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True or false? it is believed that eukaryotes originated as prokaryotes living w/in other prokaryotes. |
true |
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what did Lynn Margulis propose that ended up being true? |
chloroplasts & mitochondria were once independent life forms, but they came to be symbolically associated w/other cells. =Endosymbiosis theory. |
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Note: mitochondrial important in your body. |
duh |
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true or false? cell, a tiny "bag of chemicals", is the foundation of life on earth |
true |
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true or false? SEM microscopes magnify higher than TEM |
false. |
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The cell membrane is the barrier separating the internal organelles and fluids of a cell from the external environment. what's another name for the membrane? |
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE |
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true or false? In a cell membrane, the phospholipids are arranged in specific ways due to their unusual chemistry. |
true |
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true or false? Diffusion occurs only in living cells. |
false, anywhere. |
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true or false? diffusion can only move chemicals from where they are plentiful to where they are few. |
true |
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true or false? The most common chemical found within and around cells is oxygen. |
false. water |
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the shrinking of a cell membrane due to loss of water. |
Plasmolysis |
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why does Plasmolysis occur in cells in salt water? |
more water leaves the cell than enters |
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the rupture of a cell membrane due to overexpansion of the cell volume - caused by too much water osmosing into the cell.
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Lysis |
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True or false? active transport don't require energy. |
false. it does which is supplied by the mitochondria |
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what active port is studied the most? |
The sodium-potassium pump |
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what does the endosymbiosis theory mean for the evolution of complex life on earth? |
there are trillions of cells in our body. In each cell, there's a mitochondrion which provides power in order to make cells work. The mitochondria aren't ours, they're like tiny bacteria that grow in cells for our survival. We can't live w/out them and they can't live w/out us. |
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Explain why diffusion occurs and how it is important to cells. |
bc water molecules are bouncing around randomly & they hit the dimolecules, the dimolecules are bouncing around randomly & they all spread out. It's important to cells bc it's the process by which useful molecules enter the body cells & waste products are removed. |
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Explain the differences between active transport, facilitated diffusion, diffusion, and osmosis. |
-Active transport is an energy-requiring process that moves solutes against their diffusion gradients, from low to high. -Facilitated diffusion allows solutes to move through cell membranes that could not -diffusion allows some substances to pass & not others. -Osmosis is the diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane. |
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______ breaks down worn-out organelles in cells. (they're used by white blood cells to break down bacteria 7 & fungus) |
lysosomes |
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mitochondria are present in all multicellular cells, whereas chloroplasts are only found in _____ |
plants & algae |
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______ is made of protein (microtubules, microfilaments), a framework that gives that cell its shape & allows some cells to move. |
cytoskeleton |
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______ are numerious tiny microtubular hairs found on the surface of cells while flagella are single long microtubular hairs. |
cilia |
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what regulates what enters and leaves cells? |
cell membrane. |
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what is a cell membrane made of? |
phospholipids bilayers w/proteins moving throughout it. |
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a model that describes the cell membrane as a mosaic of proteins scattered on a phospholipid background |
the fluid-mosaic model singer. |
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true or false? a phospholipid is only polar (phosphate end). |
false. polar and nonpolar (hydrogen end) |
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in what direction are the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid, facing? |
face towards each other bc they're nonpolar & are attracted to each other. |
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what forms the core of the membrane in a cell? |
the fatty acid tail |
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in what direction are the fatty acid heads in a phospholipid, facing? |
outward bc they're polar & are attracted to the water inside & outside of the membrane. |
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in what is a cell wall found in? |
plants, fungi, protists, and some bacteria. |
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what occurs when substances are moving in and out at the same rate? |
equilibrium |
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water moving in our out of cells creates pressure called _______ |
osmotic pressure. |
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animals' cell walls prevent lysis, but not ____ bc they have no suck protection. |
plasmolysis |
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for facilitated diffusion, what helps solutes move in the direction of diffusion? |
proteins. |
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Name the term: a protein moves solutes up their concentration gradient such as sodium ions in nerve cells. |
molecular transport |
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the _________ moves sodium out and potassium into nerve and other cells; it consumes more energy than any other pump in the body. |
sodium-potassium pump |
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What is the name of the organelle pictured? |
Ribosome |
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the enzyme-rich fluid within a chloroplast's inner membrane that carries out the complex light-independent ('dark') reactions of photosynthesis. |
stroma |
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the enzymatic reaction that breaks down glucose to pyruvate, using ATP and producing ATP and hydrogen atoms |
glycolysis |
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the series of cytochrome proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that pass electrons to one another to pump protons and produce ATP from ADP and P. |
electron transport system |
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the series of reactions in the matrix of a mitochondrion that convert acetate from pyruvate to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms, making a small amount of ATP (also known as the TCA or citric acid cycle). |
Krebs cycle |
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the molecule that carries hydrogen atoms from the thylakoid membrane light reactions to the enzymes of the dark reaction for the construction of glucose. |
NADP |
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the coenzyme of respiration that transfers hydrogen atoms from substrates to the cytochromes of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. |
NAD |
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What tissue type in plants is responsible for growth?
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meristem |
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What tissue type in animals is responsible for communication? |
Nervous |
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which is an onion cell? |
4 |
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which contains starch? |
3 |
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which is a human cell? |
2 |
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which nucleus and cell wall are visible? |
4 |
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which is a potato cell?
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3 |
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which has has leucoplasts |
3 |
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What biochemical makes up most of the structure of the cytoskeleton? |
protein |
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What biochemical makes up most of the structure of the cell wall? |
cellulose |
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Which of the electron microscopes is capable of the highest magnification? |
TEM |
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the bonding of monomers to create polymers |
Condensation |
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In terms of structure and organelles, how do plant cells differ from animal cells? What organelles were present in the potato and onion cells that were present in the potato and onion cells that were not in your own cells? |
Cell wall is present in potatoes and onion except in humans. The potato has leukoplasts except humans. |
