1--Human Biology, Science And Chemistry

Front 1

Scientific Method

Back 1

1.Observation
2.Hypothesis
3.Experimentation
4.Results
5.Theory
6.Laws or Principles

Front 2

Observation

Back 2

Previous data is studied for additional info.

Front 3

Hypothesis

Back 3

Temporary explanation, must be testable.

Front 4

Double-blind studies

Back 4

Neither patient nor researcher knows which is control group and which is experimental.

Front 5

Placebo effect

Back 5

Getting the right results for the wrong reasons.

Front 6

Control Group

Back 6

Group in which independent variable being tested is omitted.

Front 7

Experimental (or test) Group

Back 7

Group in which independent variable is tested.

Front 8

Results

Back 8

Analyze data and make conclusions.

Front 9

Statistical Significance, Acceptable %

Back 9

Value based on accuracy of data, 95% confidence is acceptable.

Front 10

Standard Error

Back 10

Average error, or room for chance, in data.

Front 11

% Confidence

Back 11

Percent accuracy, even under varying circumstances, of data.

Front 12

Theory

Back 12

Not facts, open to revision as new information is discovered.

Front 13

Laws or Principles

Back 13

Theories proven to be facts beyond all doubt.

Front 14

Chemical composition of body

Back 14

C, H, O, and N

Front 15

Stable Atoms

Back 15

Atoms with equal # of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Front 16

Ions

Back 16

Atoms with negative or positive charge.

Front 17

Isotopes

Back 17

Atoms with an imbalance in neutrons.

Front 18

Ionic bond

Back 18

Atoms give up or take electrons, attraction from upset charge.

Front 19

Covalent Bond

Back 19

Sharing electrons

Front 20

Hydrogen bond

Back 20

Attraction between H+ and slightly negatively charged atom. Breaks and reforms easily, making liquids.

Front 21

Polar

Back 21

Molecules that are slightly positive on one end and negative on the other.

Front 22

Hydrophilic

Back 22

water-loving

Front 23

Hydrophobic

Back 23

water-hating

Front 24

PH

Back 24

Relative amount of H+ and (OH-) released from substance.

Front 25

Hydroxyl

Back 25

OH-

Front 26

PH of H+

Back 26

Acid

Front 27

PH of OH-

Back 27

Base

Front 28

pH of Urine

Back 28

slightly acidic, 6

Front 29

pH of Beer, soda

Back 29

Acidic, 3.5

Front 30

pH of Lemon

Back 30

Acidic, 2

Front 31

pH of Stomach acid

Back 31

Acidic, 1

Front 32

pH of Blood

Back 32

Slightly basic, 7.4

Front 33

pH of Baking soda

Back 33

basic, 9

Front 34

pH of Ammonia

Back 34

Basic, 11

Front 35

pH of Oven cleaner

Back 35

Basic, 13

Front 36

Acids scavenge:

Back 36

Protons

Front 37

Bases scavenge:

Back 37

Electrons

Front 38

Buffers

Back 38

Bring towards neutral (7).

Front 39

Bicarbonates do, and are in, what?

Back 39

Absorb excess H+, becoming carbonic acid; in saliva, protect enamel, in blood.

Front 40

Condensation/dehydration reaction

Back 40

Enzymes (catalysts) cause atoms to split off from molecules, H2O often released as 2 molecules bond.

Front 41

Hydrolysis

Back 41

Enzymes or heat split molecules apart, "inserting" water.

Front 42

Amylase enzyme

Back 42

In saliva, breaks starches apart into sugars by hydrolysis

Front 43

Oxidation

Back 43

Atoms lose electrons and energy. Rate of oxidation sped up by oxygen.

Front 44

Free radicals

Back 44

Unstable molecules caused by oxidation in our body, they steal electrons from stable molecules.

Front 45

Antioxidants

Back 45

Atoms or molecules that give up electrons to stabilize free radicals. Vitamin C, E, melatonin, blueberries, etc.

Front 46

Organic molecules

Back 46

Molecules with central carbon backbone, alive or once alive.
Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

Front 47

Types of Carbohydrates or Sugars

Back 47

Mono-saccharides
Di-saccharides
Polysaccharides

Front 48

List of Polysaccharides

Back 48

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin

Front 49

Starch is a form in which:

Back 49

Plants store sugars

Front 50

Glycogen is stored:

Back 50

In liver and muscles

Front 51

Chitin

Back 51

Exoskeleton, not digestible.

Front 52

Lipids:
parts
functions
types

Back 52

Molecules with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail(s).

Function: long-term energy storage and membrane componenets

1.oils
2.fat deposits
3.waxes
4.Phospholipids (cell membranes)
5.Sterols (cholesterol and hormones)

Front 53

Triglycerides

Back 53

Lipid, 3-tailed, fat.
Trans
unsaturated
saturated
hydrogenated

Front 54

Trans Fats

Back 54

Double bond causes chain to be straight.
Causes hardening of arteries

Front 55

Unsaturated fat

Back 55

Oil, double bonds help it to move

Front 56

Saturated fats

Back 56

Rigid fats, no double bonds

Front 57

Hydrogenated oil

Back 57

Synthetically saturated fats

Front 58

Carbohydrates

Back 58

Sugars, intermediate and stored energy.

Front 59

Protein functions

Back 59

Support, metabolic, transport, regulation, motion

Front 60

Parts of Protein

Back 60

Amino Acid--contains nitrogen
Carboxyl--OH group
R-group--determines chemical property of protein

Front 61

Denatured proteins

Back 61

Proteins that have had their shape changed, by smoking, UV, PH, etc.

Front 62

Proteins

Back 62

Amino acid chains of over 50

Front 63

Types of protein

Back 63

Structural
Regulator (enzymes, hormones)
Carrier
Contractile

Front 64

Structural proteins

Back 64

Sheet-like or coiled, collagen and elastin in skin, keratin in fingernails.

Front 65

Regulator proteins

Back 65

Complex folds. Amylase enzyme and Insulin.

Front 66

Carrier (transport) proteins

Back 66

Carriers, hemoglobin.

Front 67

Contractile Proteins

Back 67

Actin and myosin allow muscle fibers to slide past each other, shortening or lengthening muscle tissue.

Front 68

Nucleic Acids

Back 68

Storage of Genetic Information

Front 69

Nucleic acids composition

Back 69

Pentase sugars and phosphates