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151 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Primates: 6 Characteristics
1.mammals
2.large,well-developed brain
3.stereoscopic vision
4.well-developed vocal structures
5.opposable thumbs
6.bipedal locomotion
Anatomy
a sub-area of study under biology that means "to cut up" or dissect
Physiology
the study of nature of how the human body functions and the vital processes associated with optimal health
Empircal Data
data collected from experimentation
Claude Bernard
French scientist

"constancy of the internal milieu was the essential condition to a free life"
Walter Cannon
formalized the concept of Claude Bernard that the body maintains constant internal environment in spite of changing external environment and subsequently coined the term "homeostasis"
Homeostasis
to remain the same

homeo: same, similar
stasis: stand, self-regulate
Hemostasis
arrest or stop blood or bledding
Feedback
physiological system:

sensor: tells the integration center the status of a certain physiological parameter

integration center: tells the output center to respond accordingly to bring the parameter back to optimal physiological status

output center
Negative Feedback
controlled system

returns the functioning of different important signals (e.g. neural and chemical messages) back to normal optimal levels in order to maintain homeostasis

a physiological parameter is its own inhibitor.
Positive Feedback
out of control system

a physiological parameter perpetuates itself
Science
Scientia(latin): to know

for this course:
knowledge of how the human body works by experimentation performed on cells, tissues, organisms, or by studying a certain mechanism or concept
Scientific Method
a step-by-step method of experimentation formulated over the years to gather empirical data to test specific hypothesis
Basic Research
investigational studies to answer specific questions about a hypothesis without having a direct application for the treatment of humans.

driven by curiosity in testing a scientific question
Applied Research
Research with the goal of:

improving normal conditions

finding a remedy to pathalogical conditions.

not driven by a specific answer to a specific question
Carl von Linne
swedish naturalist (1700s)

promoted the use of the binomial system of classification

father of modern systematics
Biology
Study of life, living organisms
Aristotle
Student of Plato

established classifications for humans based on observation (no experimentation)

"Ladder of Life"
systematics
associated with the Renaissance

used a systematic approach to describe the distinct varieties of life

Species
Scala Naturae
ordered living organisms

humans
mammals
animals
plants
inanimate matter
Humanism
started in late 15th cent.

interested in studying humankind with the goal to go beyond the missinformation

perpetuated for centuries by the lack of study through formal or scholastic experiences
Species
distinct types of plants and animals
Binomial System
identifies species using just two terms
Nervous Organ System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
Nervous Function
High Speed Response

integration/regulation sensation
Respiratory Organ System
Lungs
Trachea
Oral/Nasal Cavities
Respiratory Function
Gas Exchange between atmosphere & blood
Renal Organ System
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladders
Urethra
Renal Function
Seperates chemical wastes from blood

stores waste-urine & eliminates from body (voiding)
Cardiovascular Organ System
Heart
Blood
Vessels
Spleen
Cardiovascular Function
Transports gases (oxygen), hormones, nutrients, removes waste/blood cell damaged
Reproductive Organ System
Gonads (testes, ovaries)
Reproductive Function
Development of Germ cells

Transport and Fertilization
Endocrine Organ System
Endocrine organs:

pituitary
thyroid
Pancreas
Adrenals
Gonads
Endocrine Function
Slow regulation of body changes by hormone actions
Digestive Organ System
(GI TRACT)
Oral Cavity (mechanical)
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines (chemical breakdown)
liver
Digestive Function
Mechanical & chemical breakdown of foods,

nutrient absorbtion
Lymphatic Organ System
Thymus
Lymph Vessels
Spleen
Lymphatic Function
recovery of tissue fluid
filters lymphatic fluid and returns to blood
Integumentary (skin) Organ System
Skin
Integumentary (skin) Function
protection
temperature regulation
Muscle/Skeletal Organ System
Muscles of body
Skeleton
Muscle/Skeletal Function
Movement
Structural framework of body
Scientific Method: Step 1
Gather information (known and knowable), identify research topic or area to study
Scientific Method: Step 2
hypothesis
Scientific Method: Step 3
Experimentation-testing hypothosis

a.methods-conduct study
b.collect results
c.interpret results
Scientific Method: Step 4
form conclusion based upon results from the study and previous information known about research topic

a.data supports hypothesis
b.obtained unexpected results
c.data does not support hypothesis or previously collected data
Joseph Kenyon
Chief medical officer at Angel Island
Pneumonic Plague
effects lungs

Symptoms:
fever
weakness
shortness of breath
Bubonic Plague
flea bite

Symptoms:
fever
fatigue
swollen
tender lymph glands in the neck
armpits
groin
Septicemic Plague
spread by contact with tissues, lining of the nose or throat. Caused by eating contaminated food.

Symptoms:
fever
abdominal pain
puplish skin
shock
Plague prevention
adequate sanitation
Dr. Joseph Goldberger
Studied Pellagra that ravaged the south
Pellagra
1918

rough skin
butterfly rash
mental dissorientation

10,000 deaths
What causes Pellagra?
Defficiency in Niacin (vitamin B3)
Niacin is synthesized from
tryptophan
Dr. Fredrick Allen
believed diabetes could be treated by starvation diet
Elizabeth Hughes
daughter of supreme court justice with diabetes
JJ McCloud
Director at Toronto University
Banting and Best
Discovered Insulin

Banting: main researcher
Best: Research assistant

experimented with pancreatic extracts
J.B. Callup
joined Banting and Best

(biochemist that helped isolate and purify it)
Who was the first Dr. in the US to use insulin and who was his patient?
Dr. Joslin used it on the boy Leonard Thompson
Does insulin cure diabetes?
its not a cure, but treatment for a fatal disease and makes it a chronic illness.
Alexander Fleming
discovered Penicillin in his lab

England 1928
Floore and Heatley
Oxford

studied effects of penicillin
Sulfa Drugs
Thwarts bacteria growth, but does not stop it

not very effective
Who discovered Penecilin?
Flemming
How many elements are there?
92
Over 90% of the human body is made up of...
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Which is the most common?
Carbon
Carbon can form ________bonds
4
Covalent Bond
Share a carbon

Very stable
Ionic Bond
have a positive or negative charge that attract one another

stealing bond
Hydrogen Bond
attraction

Water
Hydrogen Bonding
when a covalently bonded hydrogen is slightly positive and is attracted to an atom that has a negative charge associated with it
Polar Molecule

the ___________ end of the molecule has a slightly ___________ charge
water is a polar molecule



the hydrogen end of the molecule has a slightly positive charge
Hydropbobic
NON-POLAR

water hating
Hydrophilic
Polar

water loving
Isotopes
have different number of neutrons in an atom and this influences atomic weight
Acids
dissociate in water and release hydrogen ions

0-6.99


Lemon Juice
Fruity
Bases
take up hydrogen ions

7.01-14

human blood
baking soda
household ammonia
sodium hydroxide
Cleaners
Robert Hooke
introduced Cell biology
Max Schultze
German cytologist
Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA

discovered 1868
James Watson & Francis Crick
Discovered DNA 1953

(won nobel prize)
T. Caspersson & J. Brachet
found evidence DNA and RNA was restricted to the Nucleus
Volkin & Astrachan
first to observe messenger RNA
ATP
Energy
Karl Lohmann
discovered ATP

1928
G.J. Mulder
Discovered Protein 1838

Greek: protos, meaning 1st
Proteins are composed of...
amino acids
How many amino acids are there that can form peptide bonds?
approx. 20
For proteins ___________ defines _________.
structure defines function
Emil Fischer
elucidated sugar molecules
Carbohydrates
energy rich organic molecules

(produced by plants by photosynthesis
Carbohydrates Ratio
2:1

they are hydrates of Carbon
Sugar
carbohydrate that has a low number of carbon atoms such as monosaccharides
The most common monosaccharide found in cells is
glucose, a 6 carbon sugar
In humans __________ is a type of carb that body cells use as direct energy
glucose
When a carb contains a high number of carbon atoms by joining together a large number of monosaccharides, this is reffered to as a
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are long-term storage forms of __________________ such as _____________
monosaccharides such as glucose
Polysaccharides can be broken down or metabolized by enzymes (__________) when ___________ is needed by the body
proteins

glucose
Which is the most common 6 carbon atom?
glucose
What are 3 common polysaccharides used for long term storage?
1. Glycogen
2. Starch
3. Cellulose
In humans and animals glucose is stored mainly as
glycogen
In 1855 ________________ coined the term gycogen
Claude Bernard
Humans cannot break down
cellulose

which is favorable
Overton and Myer
1900

first studied lipids
Lipids are molecules that make up
1.fats or oils (like cooking oil)

2. Phospholipids

3. steroids
Lipids are _______________ in water
insoluable
Phospholipids and chelestorol, specific types of lipids, are used to form the ________________
water insoluble membrane
In addition to forming barriers lipids are good sources of
energy
__________are other fat like molecules
Steroid hormones

help cells communicate
Fats are commonly reffered to as
triglycerides


make up a majority of fats in the body
Tryglicerides are made up of 2 diff. types of building blocks:
glycerol

fatty acids
glycerol
comprised of 3 carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to each carbon atom

determined by the number of fatty acids that are attached to it through dehydration reactions
saturated fatty acids
do not have double bonds

as a result, this allows the carbon chains of the triglycerides to associate together in a close arrangement

will form a solid due to its closely packed molecular structure
unsaturated fats
have several fatty acids have several double bonds

prevents the close association or pakcing of the carbon chains
Phospholipids
tryglycerides where one end of the fatty acid component is removed and a phosphate group is added in its place

has a polar and non polar end

Polar end: attracted to water

Non-polar end: repelled by water
Swingle and Pfiffner
1930

studied the non-polar nature of steroid hormones
chelestorol
abundantly found in plants, insects, animals and humans
Cheverul
originally named cholestorol cholesterine
Windaus and Wieland
examined interlocking ring structure of chelestorol
In humans ___________ are derived from cholesterol
steroid hormones
Plasma membrane is made up of 50% _________ and 50% _________
protiens and lipids
Lipid portion can be broken down into 3 different types of lipids:
70% phospholipids

25% cholesterol

5% carbohydrate-glycolipids
Plasma Membrane
Composition: phospholipid bilayer & proteins

Function: regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell
Nucleus
Composition: nuclear envelope, chromatin & nucleous

Function: genetic information storage
Nucleolus
Composition: concentrated chromatin, RNA & proteins

Function: ribosomal formation (rRNA)
Ribosomes
Composition: particles of Protein and RNA

Function: synthesizes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Composition: interconnected canal/tubules

Function: provides attachment of ribosomes & transport
Rough ER
Composition: studded w/ribosomes

Function: protein synthesis
Smooth ER
Composition: no ribosomes

Function: lipid synthesis in some cells
Gogli Apparatus
Composition: stacked membraneous saccules

Function: processing, packaging of molecules
Vacuole/Vesicle
Composition: Membraneous sacs

Function: storage and transport of substances
Lysosome
Composition: Vesicle containing digestive enzymes

Function: intra cellular digestion
Mitochondrion
Composition: membrane structure

Function: transforms food molecules into energy (useable ATP)
Cytoskeleton
Composition: microtubules (tubulin)
microfilaments (actin filaments)

Function: support cell shape/ movement
Cilia and Flagella
Composition: 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules

Function: provides movement of cell
Centriole
Composition: 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules

Function: formation of basal bodies
what is the most abundant protien in the body?
Collagen
Peptide Bonds
bonds between 2 amino acids

formed during protien synthesis

results in formation of bond plus h2O
Primary Structure
linear sequence of amino acids

If many linked together called polypeptide bonds
Secondary Structure
orientation of the amino acid chain forms an (alpha helix)
Tertiary Structure
final 3 dimensional shape of protein meaning the side chains or R groups stick out

(until this happens, its not biologically active)
Quaternary Structure
defines the interaction of seperate amino acid chains or polypeptides
Carbs are
monosacharides
Hydrolysis means to
split a molecule into fragments by adding Water

breaks carbs into monosacharides
Sugars are _______________ representing one unit
monosacharides
Polysaccharides are ____________ that contain a large number of ____________
carbohydrates


monosacharides
_________ reaction converts the polysaccharide into smaller unites of sugars such as glucose and sucrose
Hydrolosis