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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primates: 6 Characteristics
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1.mammals
2.large,well-developed brain 3.stereoscopic vision 4.well-developed vocal structures 5.opposable thumbs 6.bipedal locomotion |
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Anatomy
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a sub-area of study under biology that means "to cut up" or dissect
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Physiology
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the study of nature of how the human body functions and the vital processes associated with optimal health
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Empircal Data
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data collected from experimentation
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Claude Bernard
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French scientist
"constancy of the internal milieu was the essential condition to a free life" |
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Walter Cannon
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formalized the concept of Claude Bernard that the body maintains constant internal environment in spite of changing external environment and subsequently coined the term "homeostasis"
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Homeostasis
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to remain the same
homeo: same, similar stasis: stand, self-regulate |
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Hemostasis
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arrest or stop blood or bledding
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Feedback
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physiological system:
sensor: tells the integration center the status of a certain physiological parameter integration center: tells the output center to respond accordingly to bring the parameter back to optimal physiological status output center |
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Negative Feedback
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controlled system
returns the functioning of different important signals (e.g. neural and chemical messages) back to normal optimal levels in order to maintain homeostasis a physiological parameter is its own inhibitor. |
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Positive Feedback
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out of control system
a physiological parameter perpetuates itself |
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Science
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Scientia(latin): to know
for this course: knowledge of how the human body works by experimentation performed on cells, tissues, organisms, or by studying a certain mechanism or concept |
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Scientific Method
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a step-by-step method of experimentation formulated over the years to gather empirical data to test specific hypothesis
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Basic Research
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investigational studies to answer specific questions about a hypothesis without having a direct application for the treatment of humans.
driven by curiosity in testing a scientific question |
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Applied Research
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Research with the goal of:
improving normal conditions finding a remedy to pathalogical conditions. not driven by a specific answer to a specific question |
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Carl von Linne
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swedish naturalist (1700s)
promoted the use of the binomial system of classification father of modern systematics |
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Biology
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Study of life, living organisms
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Aristotle
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Student of Plato
established classifications for humans based on observation (no experimentation) "Ladder of Life" |
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systematics
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associated with the Renaissance
used a systematic approach to describe the distinct varieties of life Species |
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Scala Naturae
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ordered living organisms
humans mammals animals plants inanimate matter |
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Humanism
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started in late 15th cent.
interested in studying humankind with the goal to go beyond the missinformation perpetuated for centuries by the lack of study through formal or scholastic experiences |
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Species
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distinct types of plants and animals
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Binomial System
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identifies species using just two terms
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Nervous Organ System
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Brain
Spinal Cord Peripheral Nerves |
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Nervous Function
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High Speed Response
integration/regulation sensation |
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Respiratory Organ System
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Lungs
Trachea Oral/Nasal Cavities |
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Respiratory Function
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Gas Exchange between atmosphere & blood
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Renal Organ System
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Kidneys
Ureters Bladders Urethra |
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Renal Function
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Seperates chemical wastes from blood
stores waste-urine & eliminates from body (voiding) |
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Cardiovascular Organ System
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Heart
Blood Vessels Spleen |
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Cardiovascular Function
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Transports gases (oxygen), hormones, nutrients, removes waste/blood cell damaged
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Reproductive Organ System
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Gonads (testes, ovaries)
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Reproductive Function
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Development of Germ cells
Transport and Fertilization |
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Endocrine Organ System
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Endocrine organs:
pituitary thyroid Pancreas Adrenals Gonads |
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Endocrine Function
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Slow regulation of body changes by hormone actions
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Digestive Organ System
(GI TRACT) |
Oral Cavity (mechanical)
Esophagus Stomach Intestines (chemical breakdown) liver |
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Digestive Function
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Mechanical & chemical breakdown of foods,
nutrient absorbtion |
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Lymphatic Organ System
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Thymus
Lymph Vessels Spleen |
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Lymphatic Function
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recovery of tissue fluid
filters lymphatic fluid and returns to blood |
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Integumentary (skin) Organ System
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Skin
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Integumentary (skin) Function
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protection
temperature regulation |
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Muscle/Skeletal Organ System
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Muscles of body
Skeleton |
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Muscle/Skeletal Function
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Movement
Structural framework of body |
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Scientific Method: Step 1
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Gather information (known and knowable), identify research topic or area to study
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Scientific Method: Step 2
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hypothesis
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Scientific Method: Step 3
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Experimentation-testing hypothosis
a.methods-conduct study b.collect results c.interpret results |
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Scientific Method: Step 4
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form conclusion based upon results from the study and previous information known about research topic
a.data supports hypothesis b.obtained unexpected results c.data does not support hypothesis or previously collected data |
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Joseph Kenyon
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Chief medical officer at Angel Island
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Pneumonic Plague
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effects lungs
Symptoms: fever weakness shortness of breath |
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Bubonic Plague
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flea bite
Symptoms: fever fatigue swollen tender lymph glands in the neck armpits groin |
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Septicemic Plague
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spread by contact with tissues, lining of the nose or throat. Caused by eating contaminated food.
Symptoms: fever abdominal pain puplish skin shock |
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Plague prevention
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adequate sanitation
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Dr. Joseph Goldberger
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Studied Pellagra that ravaged the south
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Pellagra
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1918
rough skin butterfly rash mental dissorientation 10,000 deaths |
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What causes Pellagra?
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Defficiency in Niacin (vitamin B3)
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Niacin is synthesized from
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tryptophan
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Dr. Fredrick Allen
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believed diabetes could be treated by starvation diet
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Elizabeth Hughes
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daughter of supreme court justice with diabetes
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JJ McCloud
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Director at Toronto University
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Banting and Best
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Discovered Insulin
Banting: main researcher Best: Research assistant experimented with pancreatic extracts |
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J.B. Callup
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joined Banting and Best
(biochemist that helped isolate and purify it) |
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Who was the first Dr. in the US to use insulin and who was his patient?
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Dr. Joslin used it on the boy Leonard Thompson
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Does insulin cure diabetes?
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its not a cure, but treatment for a fatal disease and makes it a chronic illness.
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Alexander Fleming
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discovered Penicillin in his lab
England 1928 |
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Floore and Heatley
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Oxford
studied effects of penicillin |
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Sulfa Drugs
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Thwarts bacteria growth, but does not stop it
not very effective |
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Who discovered Penecilin?
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Flemming
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How many elements are there?
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92
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Over 90% of the human body is made up of...
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
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Which is the most common?
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Carbon
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Carbon can form ________bonds
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4
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Covalent Bond
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Share a carbon
Very stable |
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Ionic Bond
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have a positive or negative charge that attract one another
stealing bond |
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Hydrogen Bond
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attraction
Water |
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Hydrogen Bonding
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when a covalently bonded hydrogen is slightly positive and is attracted to an atom that has a negative charge associated with it
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Polar Molecule
the ___________ end of the molecule has a slightly ___________ charge |
water is a polar molecule
the hydrogen end of the molecule has a slightly positive charge |
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Hydropbobic
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NON-POLAR
water hating |
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Hydrophilic
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Polar
water loving |
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Isotopes
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have different number of neutrons in an atom and this influences atomic weight
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Acids
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dissociate in water and release hydrogen ions
0-6.99 Lemon Juice Fruity |
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Bases
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take up hydrogen ions
7.01-14 human blood baking soda household ammonia sodium hydroxide Cleaners |
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Robert Hooke
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introduced Cell biology
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Max Schultze
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German cytologist
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Nucleic Acids
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DNA & RNA
discovered 1868 |
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James Watson & Francis Crick
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Discovered DNA 1953
(won nobel prize) |
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T. Caspersson & J. Brachet
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found evidence DNA and RNA was restricted to the Nucleus
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Volkin & Astrachan
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first to observe messenger RNA
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ATP
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Energy
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Karl Lohmann
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discovered ATP
1928 |
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G.J. Mulder
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Discovered Protein 1838
Greek: protos, meaning 1st |
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Proteins are composed of...
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amino acids
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How many amino acids are there that can form peptide bonds?
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approx. 20
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For proteins ___________ defines _________.
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structure defines function
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Emil Fischer
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elucidated sugar molecules
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Carbohydrates
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energy rich organic molecules
(produced by plants by photosynthesis |
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Carbohydrates Ratio
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2:1
they are hydrates of Carbon |
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Sugar
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carbohydrate that has a low number of carbon atoms such as monosaccharides
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The most common monosaccharide found in cells is
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glucose, a 6 carbon sugar
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In humans __________ is a type of carb that body cells use as direct energy
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glucose
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When a carb contains a high number of carbon atoms by joining together a large number of monosaccharides, this is reffered to as a
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Polysaccharide
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Polysaccharides are long-term storage forms of __________________ such as _____________
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monosaccharides such as glucose
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Polysaccharides can be broken down or metabolized by enzymes (__________) when ___________ is needed by the body
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proteins
glucose |
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Which is the most common 6 carbon atom?
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glucose
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What are 3 common polysaccharides used for long term storage?
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1. Glycogen
2. Starch 3. Cellulose |
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In humans and animals glucose is stored mainly as
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glycogen
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In 1855 ________________ coined the term gycogen
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Claude Bernard
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Humans cannot break down
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cellulose
which is favorable |
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Overton and Myer
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1900
first studied lipids |
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Lipids are molecules that make up
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1.fats or oils (like cooking oil)
2. Phospholipids 3. steroids |
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Lipids are _______________ in water
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insoluable
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Phospholipids and chelestorol, specific types of lipids, are used to form the ________________
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water insoluble membrane
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In addition to forming barriers lipids are good sources of
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energy
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__________are other fat like molecules
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Steroid hormones
help cells communicate |
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Fats are commonly reffered to as
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triglycerides
make up a majority of fats in the body |
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Tryglicerides are made up of 2 diff. types of building blocks:
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glycerol
fatty acids |
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glycerol
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comprised of 3 carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to each carbon atom
determined by the number of fatty acids that are attached to it through dehydration reactions |
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saturated fatty acids
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do not have double bonds
as a result, this allows the carbon chains of the triglycerides to associate together in a close arrangement will form a solid due to its closely packed molecular structure |
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unsaturated fats
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have several fatty acids have several double bonds
prevents the close association or pakcing of the carbon chains |
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Phospholipids
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tryglycerides where one end of the fatty acid component is removed and a phosphate group is added in its place
has a polar and non polar end Polar end: attracted to water Non-polar end: repelled by water |
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Swingle and Pfiffner
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1930
studied the non-polar nature of steroid hormones |
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chelestorol
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abundantly found in plants, insects, animals and humans
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Cheverul
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originally named cholestorol cholesterine
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Windaus and Wieland
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examined interlocking ring structure of chelestorol
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In humans ___________ are derived from cholesterol
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steroid hormones
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Plasma membrane is made up of 50% _________ and 50% _________
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protiens and lipids
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Lipid portion can be broken down into 3 different types of lipids:
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70% phospholipids
25% cholesterol 5% carbohydrate-glycolipids |
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Plasma Membrane
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Composition: phospholipid bilayer & proteins
Function: regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell |
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Nucleus
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Composition: nuclear envelope, chromatin & nucleous
Function: genetic information storage |
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Nucleolus
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Composition: concentrated chromatin, RNA & proteins
Function: ribosomal formation (rRNA) |
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Ribosomes
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Composition: particles of Protein and RNA
Function: synthesizes proteins |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Composition: interconnected canal/tubules
Function: provides attachment of ribosomes & transport |
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Rough ER
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Composition: studded w/ribosomes
Function: protein synthesis |
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Smooth ER
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Composition: no ribosomes
Function: lipid synthesis in some cells |
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Gogli Apparatus
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Composition: stacked membraneous saccules
Function: processing, packaging of molecules |
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Vacuole/Vesicle
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Composition: Membraneous sacs
Function: storage and transport of substances |
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Lysosome
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Composition: Vesicle containing digestive enzymes
Function: intra cellular digestion |
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Mitochondrion
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Composition: membrane structure
Function: transforms food molecules into energy (useable ATP) |
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Cytoskeleton
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Composition: microtubules (tubulin)
microfilaments (actin filaments) Function: support cell shape/ movement |
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Cilia and Flagella
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Composition: 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules
Function: provides movement of cell |
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Centriole
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Composition: 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules
Function: formation of basal bodies |
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what is the most abundant protien in the body?
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Collagen
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Peptide Bonds
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bonds between 2 amino acids
formed during protien synthesis results in formation of bond plus h2O |
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Primary Structure
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linear sequence of amino acids
If many linked together called polypeptide bonds |
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Secondary Structure
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orientation of the amino acid chain forms an (alpha helix)
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Tertiary Structure
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final 3 dimensional shape of protein meaning the side chains or R groups stick out
(until this happens, its not biologically active) |
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Quaternary Structure
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defines the interaction of seperate amino acid chains or polypeptides
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Carbs are
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monosacharides
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Hydrolysis means to
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split a molecule into fragments by adding Water
breaks carbs into monosacharides |
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Sugars are _______________ representing one unit
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monosacharides
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Polysaccharides are ____________ that contain a large number of ____________
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carbohydrates
monosacharides |
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_________ reaction converts the polysaccharide into smaller unites of sugars such as glucose and sucrose
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Hydrolosis
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