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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define animal.
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Eukaryotic "true nucleus"
No cell walls Motile during part of life Heterotrophs "ingest other organisms" |
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Taxonomic Classification
-order from domain to species. |
Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ...Dear King Philip Came Over For Green Salad. (or "Great Sex") |
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Body Plan characteristics include:
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symmetry
organizational complexity types of tissues present developmental pattern segmentation |
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Radial symmetry
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can be divided several ways and both sides look alike
-oral and aboral ends -indicated passive feeding |
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bilateral
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will only be symmetrical if divided one specific way (humans, mammals)
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cross section vs. longitudinal section vs. mid-sagittal section
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cross-short
longitudinal-long mid-sagittal- cut at symmetry plane (sagitt means "arrow") |
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protist habitat?
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They ALWAYS live in water.
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Characteristics of protists:
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-composed of about 18 phyla
-NOT animals -lack cell wall - at least 1 motile stage of life -are eukaryotes, but unicellular -complex organization of organelles -most are holozoic (means they eat whole organisms) |
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Saprozoic
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feeding on dead organic matter
Sapro- rotten, decaying |
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autotrophic
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synthesize thir own food
Greek: self feeding |
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Euglena
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(greek: true socket...perhaps referring to flagella socket?)
-have flagella, held by reservoir - reproduce by binary fission -some have chloroplasts for photosynthsis -stigma is photosensitive -pellicle (thin layer around cell body) - starch granules in body that store glucose -autotrophic in the light, saprozoic (absorb) in the dark |
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binary fission
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-form of mitotic division
-mitosis (splitting of nucleus and genetic material) and creation of another flagellum - cytokinesis (splitting on two) eg: paramecium and euglena |
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Why are colonial protists not considered multicellular?
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-single cells can live independently
- they have closely related unicellular relatives |
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schizogony
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(greek: split production/origination)
aka: multiple fission -repeated nuclear divisions followed by cytokinesis -eg: malaria |
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syngamy
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-sexual reproduction
-fertilization of one haploid gamete by another (sperm fertilizes egg) (only one gets preggers) (greek: marriage/fertilization together) |
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conjugation
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-sexual reproduction
-mutual exchange of genetic info -micronuclear meiosis followed by exchange of micronucleus eg: paramecium exchange micronuclei |
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3 types of protozoan locomotion
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flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia ("sorta false feet")
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How do protozoans excrete metabolic waste?
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-diffusion from high to low concentrations
-excess nitrogen is diffused as ammonia |
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osmosis
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-movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from higher water concentrations to lower concentrations
-movement of water towards higher levels of solute concentrations |
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contractile vacuole
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-uses osmoregulation
-pump transports ions drawing water across lipid layer of membrane, pumps excess water out of cell. -some times more than 1 in an amoeba |
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how many phyla of protozoans?
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>/= 18
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apicomplexa
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(greek: apex/top folded together)
-spore forming parasites eg: cryptosporidium (cryptosporidosis), and plasmodium (malaria) |
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ciliophora
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(latin:cilia bearing)
eg: paramecium, stentor |
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dinoflageleta
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(latin: terrible flagellate)
-half are photosynthetic eg: zooxanthanelle ( with coral reefs), one kind causes red tide |
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flagellate
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-group composed of several phyla
eg: volvox, euglena, trypanosoma (african sleeping sickness), giardia |
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ameba
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-group composed of several phyla
- some live in shells eg: amoeba proteus, entamoeba histolytica (Montazuma's revenge), foraminaferans and radiolarians |
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trypanosoma
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AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS!
-symptoms include headache, fever, joint pain,swollen lymph nodes, central nervous system damage. - 1/2 of 10,000 new cases every year are fatal (kills you or ruins your life) -carried by the tsetse fly. sickle shaped wavy cells between RBC's. |
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Chlorophyta
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diverse autotrophic green algea
eg: volvox |
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volvox
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-colonies of up to 50,000 zooids
-flagella, chloroplasts, stigma -asexual reprod. daughter colonies in spring summer -sexually reprod. in autumn |
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inversion
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colony turns inside out during development (flagella turn to the outside)
Volvox and sponges do this and blastula of sponge larva. |
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zooid
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individual from a colony
eg: volvox, coral |
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sexual reprod in Volvox?
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male structures w/microgametes, female structures with macrogametes may occur is same or separate colonies.
-zygote secretes shell for overwintering. *autumn* |
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advantage of sexual reprod?
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genetic variation
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advantage of asexual reprod?
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great population growth during plentiful times
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Ameba
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- a group, not a phylum...genus
-pseudopodia -feed by phagocytosis (food vacoule) -no def. shape -reproduce asexually by mitosis and cytokineses |
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phagocytosis
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(greek: eating cell process)
engulfing whole particle through cell membrane |
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which disease is caused by Entamoeba Hystolitica?
What identifying feature in microscpy? |
amebic dysentary,
aka monezuma's revenge only 1 pseudopodia (otherwise relatively round/oval), and a dark dot inside nucleus |
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Radiolarians
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(phylum)
-ameba with silica tests (glass shells, not chambered) -oldest known protozoans -important ecologically...tests form sands 3 mil sq. miles and 13,000 feet thick!! |
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Foraminiferans
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(phylum)
-multi chambered calcium carbonate tests (bony shells) -important ecologically- largest biomass of any animal-like organism on earth. -protists with pseudopodia that look like spikes (dominated by genus globigerina) |
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oral groove
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paramecium sweeps food into the oral groove and encloses the particle in a food vacuole. enzymes digest and waste is excreted through the cytoproct (cell anus).
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Dinoflagetella
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Important in marine ecosystems. Cause red tide (toxic build up of secretions result in fish kill)
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zooxanthellae
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photosynthetic dinoflagellates.
-symbiotic relationship with coral (coral bleach and die without it). -coral provide CO2 and shelter. |
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Giardia
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causes severe diarrhea
found in water contaminated by fecal material. "beaver fever" |
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Which kind of protozoans have complex life cycles?
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Apicomplexia
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Toxoplasma
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causes toxemia
-severe birth defects and mental retardation in children -preg women should avoid raw meat and cat little boxes. |
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malaria facts
(+scientific name) |
PLASMODIUM
mosquito is carrier -kills>1million children in Africa/year & another 2 million adults. -150 million have died so far |
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malaria life cycle
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-sporozoites enter bloodstream to liver.
-Schizogony produces merozoites -merozoites enter RBC's and schizogony again producing trophozoites (blood eaters), megamates and microgametes -female mosquito ingests gametocytes and they fertilize in her stomach -ookinetes develope into sporozoites and travel to salivary glands... and so on. |
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hemozoin
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insoluble pigment accumulation which causes chills and fever- byproduct of trophozoites (malaria)
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Cnidarians
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-slow swimmers, most just float around
-all are predators -mostly marine, but a few freshwater -some solitary, some colonial -reef builders -oldest members of eumetazoan (true middle animal life) line |
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oldest cnidarian fossils?
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700 million years old.
(coral fossils from Cambrian period) |
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cnidarians with ecological importance?
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corals are foundation for coral reef communities worldwide
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mouth is at oral end...what is the other end??
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ABoral (greek: away from mouth)
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cnidocytes
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specialized cells within nematocysts which shoot toxins
-sting & paralyze prey -entangle prey -characteristic most responsible for cnidarian ecological success! |
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what triggers nematocysts?
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physical contact...looks like a harpoon
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Cnidarian nervous system
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bidirectional nerve cells- fire in both directions.
No central nervous system... the nerve net |
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nerve net
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muscles interconnected with neurons forming coordinated neuromuscular system, but no brain.
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cnidarian digestion
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one opening is mouth and anus - 2 way digestive system
- inner gastrovascular cavity for circulation of nutrients |
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diploblastic
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(characteristic if cnidarians)
2 tissue layers or "germ layers", epidermis and gastrodermis with jelly like mesoglea between |
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Mesoglea
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jelly like layer between cnidarian derma - holds them together
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polymorphic
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many forms - characteristic of cnidarians
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polyp
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sessile, "hydroid"form
-reproduces asexually (generally) |
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medusa
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mobile jellyfish form
- reproduces sexually |
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alternation of generations
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alternating between to types of reproduction, sexual for genetic variation and asexual for convenience :)
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which cnidarians have only polyp form?
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anemones and corals.
also hydra...they are an exception among hydrazoans. :) |
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gonangium
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(greek: offspring vessel)
A capsule developed on certain hydroids inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds (or "gonophores") are developed |
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obelia (genus)
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grow on a stalk with gonopores, medusa buds and hydranths, reproduce sexually in medusa form
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planula
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free-swimming, flattened, ciliated, bilaterally symmetric larval form of various cnidarian species
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aurelia (genus)
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upside down for polyp phase, release strobila from stack one by one.
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strobila
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the attached stage of polyp scyphozoan jellyfishes during which the immature jellyfishes are released by transverse budding
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endoderm
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inner embryonic layer which gives rise to the gastrodermis
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ectoderm
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outer embryonic layer which gives rise to the epidermis
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cnidarian anatomical characteristics
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radial symmetry
-no cephalization --diploblastic -mesoglea between layers, not cavity. -alternation of generations: medusa & polyp |
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cnideria digestion
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two way (one opening), extracellular/intercellular (enzymes) and intracellular (in the cytoplasm)
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dioecious
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can only produce one type of gamete - egg or sperm
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respiration and excretion in cnidarians?
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by diffusion...no organ systems
(porifera accomplish this through cellular diffusion) |
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cnidarian structure/support
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longitudianl and circular muscles & hydrostatic (water pressure) support
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cnidarian circulatory system??
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combined with digestive system ...archeocytes transport nutrients.
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four classes of cnidaria?
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hydrazoa (eg: hydra, obelia, physalia aka "man o' war")
-scyphozoa aka: "true jellyfish" (eg:aurelia) -cubozoa aka: "box jellyfish" (eg: Chironex) -anthozoa (anemone and corals) |
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hydra?
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freshwater colonial animals
-atypical but useful in labs -no medusa form -polyp does sexual and asexual reprod. -dioecious |
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interstitial cells
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like stem cells- give rise to other types of cells (in cnidarians)
-in epidermis of hydra |
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epitheliomuscular cells
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-in epidermis of cnidaria
cells that shorten body...longitudianl muscles for body movement |
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what cells do cnidarians have for prey capture & defense?
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Cnydocytes (in nematocysts)
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sensory cells
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-in epidermis of hydra
-sense chemical and tactile stimuli |
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Cells of gastrodsermis?
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nutritive muscular cells
& gland cells |
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nutritive muscular cells
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extend/contract body and phagocytize (absorb) food
- for intracellular digestion (in cnidarians) they have flagella that help mix up food for digestion. |
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gland cells
function in cnidarians? |
secrete enzymes for digesting food in the gastrovascular cavity.
-for extracellular digestion. (advantage over sponges- can eat bigger foods) |
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What other member of the class Hydrozoa is found in marine ecosystems and can give painful stings?
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Physalia, the Portuguese Man-o-War: marine, floating,colonial(and somewhat dangerous) hydrozoan
polyp and medusa found in same colony.("riding" medusa) |
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obelia
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a marine sessile, colonial hydrozoan in polyp form, with tiny medusa, that bud off
-Different polyp types occur simultaneously -hydranths (for feeding) and gonangia (which produce medusa buds via asexual reproduction) |
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life cycle of obelia
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- Gonangia produce small male and female medusae
-Medusae grow and develop, then form gametes (sperm and egg) -Following fertilization, zygote becomes blastula and then a free-swimming planula larva - Planula settles and starts a new colony of polyps, completing the life cycle |
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hydrocauli
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stalk with vascular system for whole colony of hydrazoan polyps
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Describe the structure of the medusa of the class hydrozoa
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relatively small compared to polyp stage
-four gonads suspended beneath four radial canals -margin of bell projects inward as a shelflike vellum used in swimming -no oral arms as are found in the true jellyfish, so these AREN'T true jellyfish |
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Class Scyphozoa
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"true jellyfish"
- Common example: Aurelia, the "moon jellyfish" - Polyp stage of scyphozoa is solitary strobila (stacks), not colonial -can give painful stings to humans |
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true jellyfish sexual reprod
Scyphozoa |
- Male and female medusae produce gametes, female takes sperm into gastrovascular cavity to the ovaries
-after fertilization, zygote develops into planula -Planula settles on substrate to become scyptosoma polyp |
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jellyfish asexual reproduction
Scyphozoa |
- Scyphistoma (polyp) goes through strobilation to produce the strobila stage of the life cycle
- Strobila buds to release multiple clones: ephyra larvae (which feed on plankton) - Ephyra develop into male and female medusae |
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Scyphozoa medusa anatomy
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"true jellyfish"
relatively large compared to the polyp stage, since it is concerned with prey capture - central gastrovascular cavity, which contains four horseshoe-shaped gonads -oral arms for capturing and ingesting prey |
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What is one of the few jellyfish that is truly dangerous to humans, and what class does it belong to?
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Class Cubozoa
common names: sea wasp, box jelly *one of the most dangerous animals to humans! |
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body plan of the anthozoan anemone ?
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- Unlike other classes, body is densely muscular polyp
- gastrovascular cavity divided by numerous septa (stomach lining separated by thin layer of mesoglea) - stinging “threads” (nematocysts) inside gastrovascular cavity to quiet prey - no medusa stage, therefore no polymorphism |
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how do we know anthozoa?
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Sea anemones & corals
(greek: means flower animal) |
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true or "stony" corals
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-class anthozoa
-polyp similar to a miniature sea anemone -secretes calcareous cup that over the years develops into a massive "skeleton" called coral rock -gastrovascular cavities of different individuals connected -calcium carbonate skeleton - build HUGE reefs -larva, but no medusa -broadcast fertilization &75% are hermaphroditic. |
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soft corals & sea fans
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-some are solitary others colonial
-colonies of polyps connected via gastrovascular tubes -octomerous symmetry with 8 tentacles -no huge reefs |
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What generalizations can be made about coral reefs?
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-among the most productive of all ecosystems (including rainforests)
-large formations of calcium cafrbonate laid down by living organisms over thousands of years -the polyps and coralline algae are most responsible for precipitating calcium carbonate to form coral rock |
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coralline algae
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precipitate calcareous deposits form coral rocks
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zooxanthanelle role in reef?
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zooxanthanelle provide food via photosynthesis and also enhance the ability of coral to secrete calcium carbonate
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hermatypic (stony/reef building) corals require ...
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warmth, light and salinity of undiluted seawater
*herma means reef |
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threats to reefs?
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-coral reefs worldwide are in serious trouble from pollution, and other forms of human disturbance, endangering a community that rivals the tropical rain forest in complexity and biodiversity
-bleaching from warming seas, eject xozanthellae |
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What is the most widely supported hypothesis as to the origin of the Cnidarians?
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they arose from a radially symmetrical, planula-like ancestor
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What are the characteristics of the planula larva of modern Cnidarians?
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- free-swimming, ciliated, bilaterally symmetrical, with an outer layer of ectodermal cells and an inner mass of endodermal cells
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What other groups may have originated from a planula-like ancestor?
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- the higher metazoans (animals)
- this means that the Cnidarians are most likely a sister group to the higher animal phyla (planula are cnidarian larva) |
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How would the ancestors of the higher animals have differed from the ancestors of the modern Cnidarians?
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ancestors of higher animals probably crept about on sea bottom, actively searching for food...selecting for bilateral symmetry!!!
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What key adaptations do we see in the Cnidaria?
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- digestive cavity and extracellular digestion
-two tissue layers from two embryonic germ layers (but no body cavity) |
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what 2 features do apicompexica share?
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Cyst formation and an apical complex (which penetrates the anterior of a cell)
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The protozoan agent causing amoebic dysentery is...
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Entamoeba histolytica
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The members of the Phylum Ciliophora have complex reproductive cycles, but these typically include:
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fission and conjugation
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sexual reproduction in protists is...
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conjugation
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green algae were precursors for what kingdom?
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plants
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The infective stage in the life cycle of plasmodium is the...
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sporozoites
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Based on molecular and morphological evidence, the Apicomplexa (malaria and toxoplasmosis), Ciliophora, and Dinoflagellata are often grouped together in the superphylum:
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Alveolata
(greek: alve means concave vessel) |
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The agents of malaria, which kills one million people each year, are all in the genus...
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plasmodium
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The type of movement that is facilitated by pseudopodia
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ameboid movement
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Some of the oldest known fossils of eukaryotic organisms that have been identified are members of the group called...
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radiolarians
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African sleeping sickness and Chagas Disease are both caused by protozoa in the genus...
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Trypanosoma
-sleeping sickness...Trypanosoma brucei -Chagas Disease...Trypanosoma cruzi. |
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The agents of red tide, which actually may be red, brown, yellow, or even colorless, are the...
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dinoflagellates
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A resistant, restful stage in the life cycle of a protozoan is called a...
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cyst
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Most of the sarcodines and flagellates reproduce by...
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binary fission
(sarcodines...aka amoeba- sarcod means "fleshy") |
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The sliding microtubule hypothesis explains...
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Ciliary and flagellar action
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what accomplishes osmoregulation in ciliates?
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Contractile vacuoles and radiating canals
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what species produce tests?
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radiolarians
foraminoferans |
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2 Phytoflagellates?
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volvox & euglena
(phyt means plant) also some dinoflag...like zooxanthanellae :) |
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Sexual reproduction in Ciliophora typically involves which process?
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conjugation
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These first cell evidence from 3.8 bill years ago were...
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Prokaryotic, bacteria-like organisms
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endosymbiotic theory
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mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as separate organims that were taken inside the cell.
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The Cnidaria are characterized by:
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-Primary radial symmetry
-Tissue level of organization -At least two well-defined germ layers -True nerve cells that form a primitive "nerve net" |
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The Phylum Cnidaria takes its name from special cells called ____________ that contain stinging organelles called ____________.
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Cnidocytes, nematocysts
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The planula larva of cnidarians resembles the parenchymula (greek: sorta infusion) larva of sponges in that both are flat, simple forms composed of a few cells with locomotion provided by...
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cilia
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two basic types or forms of cnidarians that may be part of an "alternation of generations" in some groups of cnidarians.
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medusa, polyp
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The combination of sensory-nerve cell net and epitheliomuscular cells common in most cnidarians is often called a primitive...
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neuromuscular system
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Lying between the epidermis and gastrodermis of hydra is a gelantinous or jellylike middle layer called the...
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mesoglea
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The two phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora are only bilaterally symmetrical in...
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the larval form
(planula) |
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what kind of digestive track do cnidarians have?
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2 way. mouth is anus also.
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ocelli?
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"little eyes" (simple, primitive) which can detect the direction from which light is coming...present in cnidarians.
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metazoa
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aka animalia
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simplest form of metazoa (animalia)?
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porifera- sponges
*sponges are in the subkingdom "parazoa" in the kingdom metazoa/animalia |
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How are porifera different from colonial protozoa?
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the sponges do exhibit a higher level of morphological (streucture) and physiological integration than that found in protozoan colonies.
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Porifera organization & integration of tissues?
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A cellular level of organization.
developing tissues with a low level of integration. . |
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ostia
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incurrent openings for water intake.
(occurring in sponges) |
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choanocytes
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filter cells in sponges- organized feeding. aka "collar cells"
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sponge habitat?
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mostly marine, some fresh water.
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spicules in sponges may be composed of....
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Calcareous spicules &
Siliceous spicules |
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2 types of collagen in sponges:
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spongin and Fibrillar collagen (a protein)
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There may be three different GRADES or levels of organization within each CLASS of sponge. These levels or types of canal systems are described as...
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asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
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Sponge cells are loosely arranged in a gelantinous matrix called...
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Mesohyl
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What cells drives the passage of water (laden with oxygen and microscopic food) through the canals and spongocoel of the sponges?
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choanocytes
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Amoeboid cells that move about in the mesohyl and carry out a number of functions, including phagocytosis and spicule formation are called...
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Archaeocytes
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Spongilla, a genus of freshwater sponge, produces an unusual overwintering "bud" for the survival of the harsh conditions of winter. This bud is called a...
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gemmule
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2 subkingdoms with cellular level org?
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Mesozoa (primitive/ancestral flatworm?) and Parazoa (surviving phylum is porifera)
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colonial flagellate hypothesis.
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hypothesis for the origin of the Metazoa (animals, first sponges) This hypothesis is supported by DNA evidence.
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Rhombozoans
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(greek: spinning top animal)a phylum of tiny parasites that live in the renal appendages of cephalopods.
*Adults are called vermiforms. (greek: worm shape) |
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prosopyle
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The opening into a flagellated chamber from an inhalant canal i
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apopyle
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Any one of the large pores in a sponge through which water passes from the choanocyte chambers into the excurrent canals.
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radial canals
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in sponges...closed externally- leads to choanocytes, gastral cavity or spongocoel.
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Incurrent canals
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(In sponges) It opens externally to the outside by a small pore known as incurrent pore or ostium, but internally it ends blindly.
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Regeneration ( in sponges)
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ability to repair injuries and to restore lost parts
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The members of the Class Hexactinellida are also called:
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glass sponges
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the largest, continuous syncytial tissue known in the Metazoa?
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trabecular (means structural- trab means beam) reticulum of the Hexactinellida
(glass sponge) |
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Sponges originated before the
_________ Period. |
Cambrian
(in the Cryogenian period) Though our notes say "early cambrian period". |
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which of the 3 sponge forms yields the highest amount of surface area?
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Leuconoid
(then syconoid, then asconoid) |
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sponge size range
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1 millimeter to 2 meters across
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freshwater sponges have a symbiotic relationship with
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green algae
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what do sponges lack?
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organs
sensory systems tissues germ layers intercellular digestion |
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cells of porifera...
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are specialized
can survive independently |
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parazoa as opposed to Eumetazoa
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Parazoa (subkingdom for sponges) means sorta animal, eumetazoa means "true higher-level animal"
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What evidence shows that sponges are an evolutionary link between protozoan and eumetazoans?
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physical structure
ribosomal RNA analysis |
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sponges are intermediates in...
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specialization
complexity functional anatomy |
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how do sponges feed?
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create water flow and filter food from it.
*eats plankton and organic particles (of the right size). |
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intracellular digestion
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sponges and protists ...food items are digested in the cytoplasm of the cell.
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basic anatomy of the sponge:
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mass of cells are embedded in a non-cellular MESOHYL, supported by rigid SPICULES and protein fibers. (collagen and spongin)
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pinacocytes
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"Skin" cells of sponges
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choanocytes
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filter "collar" cells
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porocytes
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water channel cells
in sponges |
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osculum
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opening through which water exits as it flows through sponge.
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spongocoel
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large central cavity in sponges...Water enters the spongocoel through hundreds of tiny pores (Ostia) and exits through the larger opening (osculum).
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ascnoid
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simplest, least efficient (in filtering) because of lack of surface area.
radially symmetrical |
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sycnoid
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a larger sponge, increased surface area for filtering efficiency. Appearance of a furry cat's tail.
radially symmetrical. |
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leuknoid
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asymmetrical sponge with choanocytes in clusters throughout.
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Archaeocytes
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*in sponges
amoeba-like cells that are capable of transformation into any other type of cell. They also have important roles in feeding and in clearing debris that block the ostia. |
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food is phagocytized by which 2 sponge cells?
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choanocytes and pinacocytes
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what is the mechanism for respiration and excretion in sponges?
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DIffusion
(diffuse CO2 and ammonia waste) |
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2 methods of asexual reprod in sponges?
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bud formation (external or gemmules (internal, with protected old cells))
OR fragmentation followed by regeneration |
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function of a gemmule?
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resistant life stage with protective covering
-can survive adverse environmental conditions *occurs in the fall, sponges |
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structure of a gemmule?
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inner membrane sourrounds archaeocytes (old cells) and is protected by spicules, but with a small opening called a MICROPYLE
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sponges...
monoecious or dioecious? |
Monoacious...aka hermaphroditic.
both male and female sex cell in one individual. |
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which part of the sponge produces sperm cells and oocytes?
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choanocytes
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broadcast fertilization
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used by sponges. Sperm are "broadcast" into the water column to fertilize eggs, which may also be broadcats, but USUALLY the sperm is taken into the interior where it fertilizes the oocytes, and the larva is hatched internally.
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inversion in some types of sponges...
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hollow blastula forms, (resembling a rasperry), then inverts to continue development- little opening closes after inversion.
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after blastula inversion...
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the larva develops, and swims off to settle elsewhere.
(in sponges) |
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ecological success of sponges?
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yes- though they are simple, they have a winning design and are abundant in many ecosystems!
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What class of sponges constitute about 90% of all known sponge species, including all freshwater ones, and have the widest range of habitats.
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demosponges
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Hexactinellida
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one of the 3 classes of sponges
(glass sponges) have silicate spicules |
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Calcarea
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one of the 3 classes of sponges
skeletons made of calcium carbonate |
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differences between sponges and protozoa?
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-cell specialization in from & function
-coordination of different cell types -first sign if "proto" tissues...'skin' |
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similarities between sponges and protozoa?
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-sponges and protozoa show sexual & asexual reproduction (& cnidarians too ;))-
-intracellular digestion -no organs or true tissues |
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aurelia and obelia...distinguish.
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Aurelia-big medusa and stacked strobila , reniform gonads
(upside down) obelia- tiny medusa which bud on gonangia, velum |
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sexual repod and asexual reprod in hyrda?
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-Swellings in the body wall develop into either a simple ovary or testes. The testes release free-swimming gametes into the water, and these can fertilise the egg in the ovary of another individual.
- asexual reprod is via budding...miniature adults break off when mature. |
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mesoglea & mesohyl....which phyla for each?
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mesohyl is porifera
mesoglea is cnidarian |
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Apicomplexa
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unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively parasites of animals.
toxoplasmosis, malaria |
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formation of reefs descr.
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Coral polyps excrete, or discharge, a calcium carbonate shell around their bodies. As the animals die, the shells harden, and new polyps grow over them. After many years of this process, coral reefs form.
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what class is aurelia from??
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scyphozoa
the only "true jelly fish" we have studied |
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Which organisms are diploblastic?
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sponges and cnidarians
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obelia
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Statocysts (balance organ) are present and the gonads are on the radial canals.
has velum (veil) on underside |
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Velum presence in which species?
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veil-like membrane running around the rim of a jellyfish
present in obelia, but not in Aurelia *Cubozoans have "velarium flap" around the bottom, but NOT velum. |
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freshwater sponge eg?
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spongilla
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