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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The great Transition
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-Concept was proposed by Gordon Childe
-turning point in history known as the Neolithic Revolution (8000-5000 B.C.) -from hunter gathers to farmers villages -gave birth to temples, priests, kings, art, and religion |
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Gobekli tepe
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-built before the great transition
-maybe religion lead to civilization and farming - |
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Friedrich Max Muller
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-German indologist
-father of religious studies -studied in the middle east -infiltrated universities to study religion |
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Historical Critical Method (literary criticism)
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scriptural analysis, including questions concerning:original manuscripts, translations, author (and their purpose) as well asa target audience
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myth definition,
types, and functions |
-are primarily stories and should be not "false", in anyway
-they are told to re-enacted in rituals |
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different methodologies
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HISTORIOGRAPHICAL-studying the history of religions. Engagement in the historical-critical methods as well as archeology, geography, demographical/population stats.
ANTHROPOLOGY-studying cultures as it intersects with religion and vice-versa (functional approach) SOCIOLOGICAL-studying religion as it intersects with social behavior and vise-versa PSYCHOLOGICAL-how religion impact the human psyche. PHILOSOPHICAL- is this true or not true PHENOMENOLOGICAL- It views religion as being made up of different components, and studies these components across religious traditions so that an understanding of them can be gained |
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ritual definition and functions
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definition- actions that connect the individual and the community to the sacred
functions-to recall important events in history of each faith, donate gifts to the supernatural beings, body marks, thus fostering in group solidarity |
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symbolic religious language
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-opens up different interpretations, could not be described in words.
-found in sacred stories |
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lessons learned in TED Talk "East vs West"
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-story of brothers Ganesha and Kartikeya, went on a race 3 times around their world. Kartikeya went around the earth 3 times (the world), Ganesha walked around his parents 3 times (my world).
-Alexander the Great and Gymnosphist; each thought the other was a fool, because they had different view points. -what goes around comes around -two different types of methodologies, one circular, one cyclical |
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Common Elements
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-importance of oral elements
-connection to specific or local places -emphasis on community and relationship -greater emphasis on what happens during life and after death -behavior more important than belief -emphasis on rites of passage that accompany important life stages; birth, puberty, marriage, death |
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animism
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used to describe that living beings as well as inanimate objects posses a special lie force
-"soul belief" can also be the biases of humans sharing a spiritual bond with each other as well as with animals, plants, and the dead |
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totemism
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-establishes fundamental group identity
-identifies proper marriage partners -promotes collective solidarity -regulate relations with outsiders |
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Spiritual Journey
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participants are taken away from their community to a new place with unfamiliar rules where ultimately a transformation occurs, they return with a tattoo, scar, or a missing body part. (ex: vision quest)
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Shamans
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-known as a spirit guide/medium, medicine man, folk healer, "witch doctor"
-oldest religious specialist -connects between two worlds in altered states using drugs |
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Sacrifice
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-common among Indigenous cultures
-killing animal, dance, fasting, piercing, -establish communion between living and the spirits |
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Syncretism
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merging of elements from different religious
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soul belief and afterlife
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death is not seen as the ultimate end but part of the rhythmic cycle of life, winter is followed by spring
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lessons learned in the documentary on Shaman gathering "Fire on the Mountain"
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-within Fire are elements of past, present and future
-gathered to talk about peace - |
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Aryan society/Varnas
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-sanskrit "noble ones"
-first to tame horses -organized along tribal lines and were lead by chieftains called rajas -developed 3 major classes(Varnas) -fourth class was the pre-aryan people that were conquered, hey were usually slaves or servants and called shudras |
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Aryan Religion
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-polytheistic, many of their Gods personified natural forces (Agni, Fire God)
-main form of worship was through sacrifice -chants and done to influence the power of the gods |
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Vedas
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-Rig Veda- (Hymns/Mythology)
-Yajur Veda (knowledge of rites) -Sama Veda (knowledge of chants) -Atharva veda (knowledge given by Sage Atharva) |
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Upanishads
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-writings introduce the concept of karma,
-Any of a group of philosophical treatises contributing to the theology of ancient Hinduism, elaborating on the earlier Vedas. |
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Atman
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in Hindu thought, the soul that resides in the heart, is the source of both life energy and spiritual awareness, and transmigrates after death.
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Brahman
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is eternal, infinite, unknowable, sexless, without a past, present, or future and totally impersonal
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The laws of Manu
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-writing is found inside the dharmashastras
-seen in the Aryan Society and is the most popular of these writings -the first 3 classes were "twice born" and the shudras were "once born" |
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Four stages of life
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First Stage- 8-12 years old where a celibate student lives and learns from the vedas by his master or guru
Second Stage- begins with marriage within caste and when interests turn to children, family, and society at large Third Stage- retirement or when a householder takes to the forest to study Fourth Stage-homeless wanderer or sannyasi, one who bears no attachments, shaves his head, and wears the robe of a mendicant/beggar |
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Sadhu
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-enotes an ascetic, wandering monk
- The sādhu is solely dedicated to achieving mokṣa (liberation), the fourth and final aśrama (stage of life), through meditation and contemplation of brahman |
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Mahabharata
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- great epic discusses the story of rival sides of a family fighting over control of Northern India that results in a war with much bloodshed, a war that ushered the times we are living in, the age of the Kali Yuga.
-includes the Bhagavad Gita poem -explain relationship between dharma (sacred duty), and the paths of liberations, seen as discipline (yoga), action (karma), knowledge (jnana) and devotion (Bhakti) |
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Bhagavad Gita
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explain relationship between dharma (sacred duty), and the paths of liberations, seen as discipline (yoga), action (karma), knowledge (jnana) and devotion (Bhakti)
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Ramayana
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-outlines the rivalry of the two clans, one that is aryan and one that is non-aryan
-the Hero of the Aryan clan is Rama |
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Rama/Sita
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Rama goes on a quest to rescue Sita from Ravana, the King of demons.
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The path of knowledge
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-"Jnaan-Marga"
-for those who the money and time to study the sacred scripture, this was a path of merit -in this path you can look to different school or systems of philosophy or Darshans - |
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Sankhya
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-its believed to be founded in the 6th century BCE by Kaplia and is one of the oldest schools
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Moksha
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is reached when one can see past maya or the illusion, when one overcomes ignorance and pain and understands Brahman.
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Vedanta
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-sanskrit for the end of the Vedas
-taken from Upanishads -one true essence is god -people are ignorant of what is reality -Brahman= atman |
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Muslim influence in India
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after rise of Islam and consequent islamic expansion, Muslims moved towards Europe, conquered Persia and Afghanistan.
-13th century there was a Sultan at delhi -India has worlds 2nd largest Muslim population |
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Sikhism
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mixture of the fierce monotheism in Islam and the doctrines of maya and reincarnation of Hinduism.
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Suttee
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if husband died, wife would jump into the fire where the man was being burned and die along with man.
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Child marriages
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Gandhi
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-refers to the untouchables as the children of God
-reformer brought political and social benefits to the Indian people by the end of the British Rule through religious idealism and civil disobedience |
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Holi
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-popular festival, in Feb/Mar to welcome Spring
-dedicated to Krishna and the destruction of demons -caste system is put aside to emphasize pleasure |
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Diwali
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-festival in November and welcomes the new years
-devotees visit every house that is lit with a lamp to bring good fortune and prosperity |
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Himalayas
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-Pilgrimage site for holy powers
-believed to be holy -home of the Gods -transform Karma |
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Ganges
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-Pilgrimage site for holy powers
-home of Gods -bathing in Ganges brings you in contact with the Divine |
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Lessons Learned in Documentary on Kumbh Mela "Extreme Pilgrim"
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-Peter journeyed with Indian Sadus
-God is in everything -in this age you will not find god, but saying his name will help you on your path |
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The life of Siddhartha
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-Prince among warriors
-married cousin -indulged till 29 years old -had 4 encounters; old man, sick man, corpse, and spiritual seeker -had to lose something, before he could gain something. His son was ball and chain -performs austerities for 6 years - |
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Mara
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demon that tempted Buddha by trying to seduce him with the vision of beautiful women who, in various legends, are often said to be Mara's daughters
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The life of the Buddha
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-taught the middle way, a path between worldliness and extreme asceticism
-religion spread across china, japan, korea, and south east asia -after austerities failed he meditated under a tree till enlightenment he was 35 -received a vision of the endless cycle of life |
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Bodhi Tree
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-Siddhartha Gautama, achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi.
-planted close to all Buddhist monasteries |
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Tanha
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-part of the second noble truth, that address the cause
-the insatiable longing or desire |
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Dharma (Buddhism)
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-part of the 3 jewels
-Buddhas teachings - |
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Sangha
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the monastic community of ordained Buddhist monks or nuns.
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Arhat
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perfected one who has attained nirvana
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Special Inclusions
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-Buddha taught that any person, regardless of caste or sex could find enlightenment
-goes against ingrained teaching Dharma |
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Nirvana
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-extinguished or put our like a candle
-extinguished all desire and can be realeased fro the cycle of samsara -cant be reincarnated - |
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3 roots of evils (buddhism)
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greed, hatred, delusion
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Anatman
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anatman is brahman
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the four noble truths*
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1. life means suffering
2. the origin of suffering is attachment 3. the cessation of suffering is attainable 4. the path of cessation of suffering |
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dukkha
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-pali word and it means suffering in all of its ramifications
-imperfection/and the incompleteness that life exhibits -Buddha taught that so long as we live in the universe we cannot escape from suffering in any or all of these forms |
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the eight fold path
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Wisdom-(right views, right intentions)
Virtue-(right speech, right action, right livelihood) Mediation-(right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration) |
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meditation
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right effort
right mindfulness right concentration -intoxicants can mess up any of these |
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five aggregates
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-what makes up, what you think you are
-body, feelings, perception, will, consciousness -always breaking apart(always changing person) |
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Theravada buddhism
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-dominant in Sri Lanka and South East Asia
-contains Tri-pi-taka (3 baskets) -1.basket of order-codes, stories, the Buddha's life 2. Basket of teachings-teachings of the Buddha and his followers 3. basket of special learning-further teachings for the monks -venerate relics like Buddha's ashes and bones |
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Mahayana Buddhism
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-second camp for Buddhism more liberal then Hinayana
-subdivided into various sects -dominant in East Asia -Sutras-(scriptures)-Buddha's own words and teachings -Shastras-(treatises)-points of doctrine -Tantras-(texts)-teachings about spiritual practices for advanced Buddhists |
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King Asoka
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-first to create many missionary endeavors all throughout Asia
-ruled India from 268-232 BCE -convened the third council of Buddhism in 247 BCE |
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Bodhisattva
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-reach enlightenment t chose to stay around on the earth to help
-Buddha to be (future Buddha) |
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Pure land/Amida Buddhism
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-is one of the most popular and widespread of the branches
-goal of the devotees is to reach paradise "the land of the bliss" -a tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on Amitābha Buddha. |
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Tibetan Buddhism
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-referred to as Vajrayana; meaning the diamond way or thunderbolt way
-devotees have a prayer wheel, with various prayers and ritual incantations -distinct clergy is lamas -two orders; those of the yellow hat(larger group) and those of the red hat (older school) -leader of Yellow Hat is the Dalai Lama - |
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Pali Canon/ Pali Sermons
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-is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada
-traditionally known as the Tipiṭaka -The three pitakas are as follows: 1.Vinaya Pitaka ("Discipline Basket"), dealing with rules for monks and nuns 2. Sutta Pitaka (Sutra/Sayings Basket), discourses, mostly ascribed to the Buddha, but some to disciples 3. Abhidhamma Pitaka, variously described as philosophy, psychology, metaphysics, etc. |
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stupa/ Pagodas
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- a mound-like or semi-hemispherical structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of Buddhist monks, used by Buddhists as a place of meditation.
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Buddhist Holy Days
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-the birth of Buddha is celebrated on April 8th in China and Japan
-the festival of Souls is in July in Japan, and August in China. food is left for the souls of the dead -Robe offering is celebrated by Theravadins and celebrates the commencement of the missionary work |
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Karma
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is the concept of "action" or "deed", understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effect
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The 3 Jewels
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- three things that Buddhists take refuge in, and look toward for guidance
-buddha(enlightened one, dharma (scripture), sangha(community) |
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Tripitaka
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-is a Sanskrit word meaning Three Baskets
- It is the traditional term used by Buddhist traditions to describe their various canons of scriptures - 1.Vinaya Pitaka ("Discipline Basket"), 2. Sutta Pitaka (Sutra/Sayings Basket), 3. Abhidhamma Pitaka |
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Sutras and tantras
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sutras-canonical scriptures, many of which are regarded as records of the oral teachings of Gautama Buddha.
tantras- a union of all universal energy, everything that we need in order to be complete is within us. |
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Buddha (book)
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embodies Dharma which, as in Hindu practice, is understood as comprising both the ultimate truth and the teachings that lead to that truth.
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Confucianism
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-ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius
-referred to as Rujia -6-8 million people follow this philosophy |
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Yijing/ I Ching
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-book of changes
-written in bits and pieces -descriptions over 1,500 years -much of the knowledge from Dao,Qi, Yin, Yang, Taiji |
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Dao
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-proper noun-the way
-general noun-the path verb-to give an account -its the all embracing nature of everything, it produces humans,good and correct, and the ultimate absolute -ocean |
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Qi/Chi
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-emanates from the Dao
-both matter and energy -permeates everything in the cosmos -water |
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Ying
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-passive energy
-makes up one part of Qi -cannot exist without Yang -docile, gentle |
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Yang
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-active energy
-together with Ying makes up Qi -cannot exist without Ying --firm, strong, vigorous |
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Taiji
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-ying+yang
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Confucius
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-the master born in China
-always in pursuit of knowledge, and had mastered the 6 arts of ritual,music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and arithmetic -educator -transmitter of the ancient teachings and NOT an innovator |
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Zhong/Chung
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-we are connected to one another-family,ancestors,co-workers, and friends
-Zhong-loyalty to family -we have 3 different roles, that change as we grow:follower, leader, and equal |
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Rectification of Names
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-calling people by their proper names, this allows themselves and others to understand and fulfill their proper duties in their hierarchal structure
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Xiao
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-filial piety (Respect owed to one's parents and ancestors)
-sons and daughters obeying parents |
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Shu
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-translated into reciprocity and empathy
-should work together with Zhong - |
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Petty Person
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-lowest position, acting for ones own wishes, trying to only gain personal profit
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Sage
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-man of humanity that lead many people instead of just a few, aiding multitudes towards the Dao
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Superior Person
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-(Junzi) gentleman, seeking the Dao, acts according to Zhong and Shu, looks to act correctly even if it costs them something
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Man of Humanity
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-when a superior person can go on to cultivate/nurture moral action in the people around them
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Li
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-rituals and rites that offer guidance on how to act
-encompasses the correct way to act with everyone, in every situation |
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Ren
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-benevolence, compassion goodness, to capture virtues such as respect, trustworthiness, and kindness
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Puranas
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ancient Hindu texts eulogizing various deities, primarily the divine Trimurti God in Hinduism through divine stories.
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Yoga Sutras
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-meditative practices discussed in the Upanishads
-aimed to weaken the power of ignorance -abstaining from killing, lying, stealing, and sexuality -allows to concentrate and reach samadhi, a union, or super-consciousness that will allow them to reach moksha |
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The way of devotion
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-Bhakti-Marga"
-worshipping Gods and Goddesses in their Temples, offering sacrifices, and praying |
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Brahma
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-receives least attention
-two temples -creator of the world -painted with Lotus flower |
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Shiva
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-painted with trident
-most popular gods -god of death, disease, sexuality, and destruction |
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Vishnu/Lakshmi
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-painted with magic wand
-the preserver -god of love, benevolence, and forgiveness |
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Lingam
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male reproductive statue
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Yoni
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female reproductive statue
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Kali
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-goddess of death
-wears a necklace of skulls -mythology connect her with founding Calcutta |
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Historical Critical Method (textual criticism)
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determining the dates, editing and revision of texts/ scriptures
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Historical Critical Method(documentary criticism)
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finally determining the best document to be used for a particular study as well as the best plausible authorship as well as dates.
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Myths (4 types)
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-NATURE-refernces the powers of nature in controlling our destiny
-HARMONY-references the balance that must exist in the universe in order to achieve harmony -HISTORY-refernces the God of Abraham that interacts through real human history. 3 versions of this type of myth exist through the 3 different Abrahamic Religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. -LIBERATION-references the understanding that life is part of a never endings cycle of suffering death and rebirth. liberation from this cycle is the ultimate goal in Hinduism and Buddhism, These types of myths are found throughout the Indian sub-content |
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Varnas
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-Brahmins: priests and scholars.
-Kshatriya: kings, governors and soldiers. -Vaishyas: cattle herders, agriculturists, artisans[2]and merchants. -Shudras: labourers and service providers. |
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Dharma (Hinduism)
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sacred duty
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6 systems that believe in rebirth and based on the Vedas
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Sankhya, Yoga, Mimansa, Vaisheshika, Nyaya, Vedanta
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Did you know ?
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the soul is actually a combination of 5 mental aggregates
1.form 2.feelings 3.understanding 4.will 5.consciousness |
