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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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binomial nomenclature
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genus & species name
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conservation
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the wise maintenance and use of natural resources
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conservation biology
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new movement that brings together ecology, wildlife biology, molecular biology, systematics, evolutionary biology, and population genetics
1. conserving biodiversity 2. restoring biological diversity |
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ecology
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the study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms
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free-living species
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an organism that is living independently of another organism
1. can feed itself 2. can protect itself 3. can choose to reproduce |
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geographic range
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area in which a particular species lives
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natural history
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specific descriptions of wildlife species, invertebrates, and plants; includes general characteristics, scientific and/or common names, geographic range, reproduction, behavior, adaptations and habits, and population dynamics
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wildlife
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any free-living species from invertebrate to vertebrate
1. can feed itself 2. can protect itself 3. can choose to reproduce |
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wildlife management
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the application of knowledge and ethics in the preservation, enhancement and regulation of wildlife sources
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deforestation
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destruction of trees in forested areas
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desertification
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the process of becoming desert
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extirpation
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to destroy completely; to pull up by the root
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extinction
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inability of a species to adapt
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endangered
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a species whose continued existence is in jeopardy
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exploitation
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the process of using meanly or unfairly for one's own gain
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subsistence hunting
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killing game for the purpose of sustaining life
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market hunting
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killing game for the purpose of selling it
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Darling Effect
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numbers must be high enough in order for wildlife to be willing to reproduce
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predator control
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the management of predators
*public perception vs. management needs |
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capture/release programs
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system in which wildlife are captured and then release back into the wild
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habitat
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the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows
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lead vs. steel shot
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transition from lead shot to steel shot in the hunting of waterfowl when a dangerous lead accumulation effect was discovered
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foster parent programs
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programs such as the one in which whooping crane eggs were placed in Sandhill nests and the hatched birds were then raised by their adopted Sandhill "parents"
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sport hunting
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killing game for the purpose of competition
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The Lacey Act
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1900; stopped trafficking; created permit requirements; first major wildlife legislation
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Migratory Bird Treaty with Canada
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1918; expansion of federal government intervention; international cooperation; no enforcement funds
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Duck Stamp Act
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1934; game licensing; raised funds for enforcement of Migratory Bird Act
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Federal Aid to States in Wildlife Restoration Act (Pittman-Robertson or PR Act)
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1937; excise tax; 5-year plans; funds for research, land acquisition & construction, and operations
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Dingell-Johnson Act
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1950; tax on sport fishing equipment & motorboat fuel
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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
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Environmental Impact Statements
established Presidential Council on Environmental Quality |
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John Muir
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wildlife naturalist, Sierra Club, preservation school, Yosemite National Park
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Gifford Pinchot
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founder of American Forestry, utilitarian school, coined term "conservation"
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Theodore Roosevelt
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President who increased federal wildlife law enforcement, National Park system, greatly expanded National Forest system, Antiquities Act (1906)
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Aldo Leopold
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founder of American Wildlife Management; "Game Management" & "A Sand County Almanac"
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J.N. "Ding" Darling
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Director U.S. Bureau of Biology Survey; initiated Duck Stamp Act of 1934; helped established the Wildlife Management Institute, National Wildlife Federation, and N.A. Wildlife Conference
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Era of Abundance
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(1500-1849)
richness & abundance assumption that supply of creatures was virtually infinite |
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Era of Overexploitation
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(1850-1899)
industrialization Westward expansion urbanization unchecked exploitation & environmental alteration |
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Era of Protection
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(1900-1929)
some people began to be outraged by uncontrolled hunting passage of Lacey Act Theodore Roosevelt presidency |
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Era of Game Management
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(1930-1965)
improving wildlife & fish populations new sources of funding PR Act Dingell-Johnson Act |
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Era of Environmental Management
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(1966-1979)
environmental protection proper management |
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Era of Environmental Compromise
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(1980-present)
environmental crisis of global proportions ecological & economic interests reconciled |
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autoecology
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looks at one individual
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synecology
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looks at larger groups
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behavioral ecology
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examines why things act the way they do
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systems ecology
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examines specific groupings of things in relation to one another
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physiological ecology
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examines measurable changes in organisms
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quantitative ecology
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examines what is measurable
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biosphere
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the environment of earth that extends from a few kilometers beneath the surface to a few kilometers into the atmosphere
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ecosystem
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the interacting system composed of all the living organisms and their non-living environment in an area large enough to permit the characteristic exchanges of energy and perpetuation of component organisms
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biotic community
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the living part of an ecosystem
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natural cycles
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the processes that balance and regulate the composition of earth's elements
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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total QUANTITY of energy remains the same
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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Entropy
the QUALITY of energy is degraded irreversibly |
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food chain
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routes taken by energy & nutrients through an ecosystem
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trophic level
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each individual link in a food pyramid or chain
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biological magnification
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process by which quantities of contaminants are amplified as they are transferred through the food chain
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Bergman's Rule
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body size of species of warm-blooded animals in greatest in the colder part of the range (helps with storage and retention of body heat)
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Allen's Rule
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extremities of warm-blooded animals are shorter in the cooler parts of the range (helps prevent heat loss)
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Gloger's Rule
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among warm-blooded animals, black pigments are most prevalent in warm, humid areas and yellow in arid areas
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migration
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movements to & from (generally to follow food sources)
two-way travel |
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fossorial
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creatures who dig down
(subnivean= under snow) |
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dormancy
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torpor; periods of hibernation (cold weather) or estivation (warm weather)
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hibernation
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to pass the winter in a torpid or resting state
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estivation/aestivation
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to pass the summer in a state of torpor (to conserve body water)
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heat loading
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adaptive hyperthermia
capacity to store heat and then release it when needed |
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niche
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the unique role of each species in its ecosystem; the emphasis is on function
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key species
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niche that is so important the other species depend on it
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competitive exclusion principle
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two species cannot coexist indefinitely: extinction, emigration, split the niche, or resource partitioning will occur
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compression hypothesis
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as the number of competitors increases, niches overlap, and niche width decreases (niche compression)
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species
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the basic taxonomic category referring to groups of actually (or potentially) interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
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subspecies
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a geographically defined aggregate of local populations which differs taxonomically from other such subdivisions of the species
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ecotype
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ecological varients within a population that are adapted to local conditions
(not a taxonomic category) |
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biome
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a major ecological community type
(tundra, forest, grassland, etc.) |
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ecological equivalents
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different species of plants and animals that share similar structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptions to different segments of the same biome in different areas of the world
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analogous characteristics
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corresponding in function
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homologous characteristics
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corresponding in structure and from the same genetic base (not always same function)
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Alpha level of taxonomy
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new organism
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Beta level of taxonomy
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based on hierarchy
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Gamma level of taxonomy
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based on evolution
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population density
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a certain number of individuals per unit area
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natality
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the number of births per thousand, per hundred, or per individual per year
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mortality
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the number of deaths per number of individuals per year
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cohort
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a group of individuals in a population born during a particular time period, such as a year
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fecundity
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potential capability of an organism to produce reproductive units
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fertility
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a measure of reproduction; the measure of eggs that are FERTILE
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production
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the number of surviving offspring produced during a specific period of time (usually per year)
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recruitment
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increment to a natural population, usually from young animals or plants entering the adult population
(immigration or young reaching breeding age) |
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dispersal
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movement of individuals into unfamiliar locations
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immigration
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movement INTO a given area
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emigration
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movement out of a given area (EXIT)
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biotic potential
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the usually theoretical, genetically controlled, upper limit on a population's rate of increase
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carrying capacity
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the maximum population an environment can sustain without causing damage such as over browsing
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growth
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r = (births - deaths) + (immigration - emigration)
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exponential growth model
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shows biotic potential without environmental resistance
ΔN/ΔT = rN J-shaped curve |
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logistic or sigmoid growth model
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shows population growth rate within limits
ΔN/ΔT = rN (k-N)/k S-shaped curve |
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K-selected species
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lower rates of population growth, invest significant time in offspring survival, higher efficiency in use of resources
(e.g. primates, elephants, large ungulates) |
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R-selected species
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shorter lifespan, large amounts of offspring (generally not protected or cared for), population growth until resources run out
(e.g. insects, small rodents) |
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mortality
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the natural mechanism of natural selection
death |
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density-dependent mortality
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refers to rates of mortality that INCREASE as population INCREASES
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density-independent mortality
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refers to rates of mortality that remain the same regardless of population density
WEATHER |
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inversely density-dependent mortality
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refers to rates of mortality that DECREASE as population INCREASES
(e.g. school of fish) |
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compensatory mortality
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replacive mortality
one form of mortality might replace another, but overall rate stays same (going to happen anyway) |
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additive mortality
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each mortality factor is additive to the total for the population
more deaths than usual often created by weather |
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differential mortality
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uneven mortality rates of age groups or sexes
(e.g. not a 50/50 split between males and females) |
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cursorial
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movement of running, walking
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arboreal
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live in trees
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aquatic
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live in water
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diurnal
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day-time creatures
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nocturnal
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night-time creatures
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insectivore
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eats insects
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herbivore
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eats plants
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carnivore
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eats meat
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frugivore
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eats fruit
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foliovore
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eats leaves
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granivore
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eats grain
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sangivore
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drinks blood
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parasitic
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a parasite obtains benefits from a host it usually injures
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