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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Date: Kaiser flees to Holland |
9th Novermber 1918 |
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Date: Socialist Reiblic Announced |
9th November 1918 |
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Who did Prince Max of Baden appoint chancellor? |
Friedrich Ebert |
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Walther Rathenau |
Assassinated in 1922 Labelled as "Jewish-Bolshevik" |
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Date: Weimar Constitution Constructed |
February 1919 Town of Weimar |
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Article 48 in Constitution |
"Suicide Clause" |
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How many votes required for 1 seat in Reichstag? |
60,000 |
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Date: New Constitution comes into Practice |
August 1919 |
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Date: Hindenburg becomes President |
12th May 1925 |
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Weaknesses in Constitution |
President too much power No strong governments - Reichstag often split. Hard to make decisions Coalitions - small parties gained more power than number of votes suggested State governments could be hostile to national government |
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Leaders of Spartacus League |
Rosa Luxemburg Karl Liebnecht |
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Date: Spartacists change name to German Communist party |
December 1918 |
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Leader of Social Democrats |
Friedrich Ebert |
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Political Murders 1919-1923: Number of Murders Extreme Left |
22 |
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Political Murders 1919-1923: Number of Murders Extreme Left Executed |
10 |
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Political Murders 1919-1923: Number of Murders Extreme Right |
354 |
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Political Murders 1919-1923: Number of Murders Extreme Right Executed |
0 |
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Political Murders 1919-1923: Average Length of Prison sentence Extreme Left |
15 years |
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Political Murders 1919-1923: Average Length of Prison sentence Extreme Right |
4 months |
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Date: KPD (Spartacus) Uprising |
January 1919 |
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Timeline: KPD (Spartacus) Uprising |
5th January - HQ of government's newspaper and telegraph bureau captured Ebert and Government fled Berlin to Weimar By 15th January - uprising easily crushed by Freikorps |
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Consequences: KPD (Spartacus) Uprising |
100 Spartacists killed Luxemburg and Liebknecht killed 13 Freikorps killed Freikorps crushed uprisings and killed 1000s of Communists over next 4 months |
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Freikorps |
Right-wing, ex-soldiers. Organised into paramilitary group 100,000 men restriction on army meant people joined Freikorps after being demobilised |
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Date: Kapp Putsch |
March 1920 |
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Leader: Kapp Putsch |
Dr Wolfgang Kapp |
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How many Freikorps involved in Kapp Putsch? |
5000 |
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Where did Ebert and his government flee to in the Kapp Putsch? |
Dresden |
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Cause of Kap Putsch |
Allies concerned with size of Freikorps Put pressure on Germany to disband it |
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Army's response to Kapp Putsch |
Army refused to fire on Freikorps |
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End of Kapp Putsch |
Workers obeyed Ebert's call for general strike Infrastructure ground to halt Kapp left Berlin after 4 days when he realised he wouldn't be successful |
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Punishments of Kapp Putsch |
Kapp hunted down and put on trial. Dies while waiting on trial Everybody else involved unpunished - lack of support from army |
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Date: Invasion of the Ruhr |
Januray 1923 |
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Reason for Invasion of Ruhr |
In 1922, Germany declared next installment of reparations couldn't be paid Ebert negotiated time Eventually French lost patience French had debts to pay to USA too France and Belgium invaded Ruhr to extract payments in form of materials |
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Resistance to Invasion of Ruhr |
Passive reistance. Refused to work and cooperate with French |
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Consequence of Resistance to Invasion of the Ruhr |
Over 100 workers killed 100,000 protesters expelled Ignored by League of Nations Halt in production made Germany even poorer |
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Inflation of cost of loaf of bread |
1918 - 0.63 marks 1922 - 163 marks Sep 1923 - 1.5 million marks Nov 1923 - 200 billion marks |
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Practicalities of inflation |
Exchanging goods rather than paying with money common Money carried by wheelbarrows Restaurants didn't print menus - by time food arrived, price increased German corporations found it difficult to trade abroad - currency worthless Wages had to be spent quickly before they lost their value |
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Causes of Hyperinflation |
Germany believed war could be financed by money gained from winning war During and after war, governments financed war by printing money War debts were paid off with worthless, printed money Passive resistance in the Ruhr was financed by printing money POSSIBLE money was printed to sabotage economy - protest against reparations |
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People advantaged/not affected greatly by Hyperinflation |
Very rich - contacts to obtain food and goods
Landowners, business owners - could produce own food and goods, and could sell these too
People with debts - pay off at fraction of real value
People on wages - they often kept up with inflation (but still sometimes lagged slightly behind) |
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People disadvantaged by Hyperinflation |
Poor remained poor Middle classes - savings became worthless Pensioners - fixed pensions became worthless |
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Dates: Stresemann Chancellor of Germany |
August 13th 1923 - November 23rd 1923 |
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Dates: Stresemann Foreign Minister for Germany |
August 13th 1923 - October 3rd 1929 |
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Actions of Stresemann to end Inflation |
Appointed Hjalmar Schacht President of the Reichsbank
Called off Passive resistance in Ruhr. French and Belgian troops withdrew in 1924
Rentenmark replaced old Papiermark. Old currency burned. Printing of Rentenmark strictly limited at 3.2 billion
Savagely cut government expenditure e.g. number of civil servants was drastically reduced
Rentenmark wasn't backed by gold. Therefore, in 1924, it was replaced by the Reichsmark, which was equal in value to the Rentenmark. |
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Dawes Plan - 1924 |
Led by American Charles Dawes Kept reparations - changed timescale Maximum Germany could pay was 3% of GDP annually $200 million in loans given to Germany by USA |
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Young Play - 1929 |
Brought reparations down to £2.2 billion (amount suggested by John Meynard Keynes in 1918) |
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Recovery of Germany by 1928 |
Germany's economy seemed to have recovered to pre-1914 levels Germany regained its place, behind the USA, as the world's second greatest industrial power Exports were on the increase Government increased welfare benefits, and wages for state employees |
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Locarno Treaties - 1925 |
Guaranteed Germany would not change its western borders with France or Beligium 1926 - accepted into League of Nations |
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Kellogg-Briand Pact - 1928 |
Signed by Germany and around 60 other nations Agreed not to use war against each other to settle disputes |
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Cultural Revival |
Censorshop from the time of the kaiser was removed Artists began to portray the everyday lives of Weimar; this was different to the 'old styles' of painting Berlin was famous for its night life: Cabaret artists performed songs criticising politicians Naked dancing was common Classical performances in theatre gave way to more modern pieces |
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How did politics become more stable? |
No more attempted revolutions after 1923 Extreme parties gained fewer votes; Nazis gained only 2.6% of the vote in 1928 |
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Hitler at end of WWI |
In a military hospital Believed Germany were winning Became convinced of "stab in the back" myth |
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Early German Workers' Party |
Initially led by Anton Drexler Didn't support Weimar Republic |
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Timeline: Hitler's early involvement in German Workers' Party |
Remained in army after end of WWI. Army sent him to keep eye on extremist parties. Fear of ex-soldiers becoming influenced by left-wing ideas Went to meeting of German Workers' Party in 1919. Found he agreed with many of the party's ideas. Hitler put in charge of propaganda and political ideas very soon In 1920, he left army to devote himself to building up the party |
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German Workers' Party 25 Point Programme |
In 1920, a 25 point programme was introduced Anti-semitic Views- common already in right-wing circles in Germany and Austria Anti-capitalist Views - Hitler seemed to have no interest in this 'socialist' agenda of the party. Probably from Drexler. Split up big businesses. Wealth of wartime profiteers to be confiscated Nationalist views - "Greater Germany"; all Germans united. Overturn of ToV |
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The SA - Stormtroopers |
Set up in 1921 as army for party Mostly young men, or ex-Freikorps Intended to protect Nazi speakers from intimidation from left-wing opponents Often actively caused violence by attacking other political groups |
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Date: Munich Putsch |
8th-9th November 1923 |
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Reasons: Munich Putsch |
Stresemann had called off passive resistance in Ruhr - angered many nationalists. They felt the politicians were admitting guilt for starting the war. Had support of Ludendorff. Believed he would have support of senior politicians in Bavaria Felt best way to gain power was with force - copied Fascist leader Mussolini who had done the same in 1922 Hitler promised SA action - believed he would lose their support if they were kept idle By 1923, the Nazi party had between 20 and 30,000 |
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Timeline: Munich Putsch |
8th November 1923 - Hitler storms meeting at Beer Hall, Munich; forces some politicians to support the putsch at gunpoint 9th November, support failed to materialise 2000 men marched into Munich - fighting broke out 16 Nazis killed. 4 police killed |
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Consequence of Munich Putsch |
Hitler given lenient sentence - 5 years for treason. Only served 9 months Nazi party banned until Hitler released Hitler banned from speaking until 1927 HOWEVER Hitler gained a platform to publicise his ideas at his trial Hitler realised he would have to gain power legitimately |
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Mein Kampf |
Aryan race superior. Racially impure would be unwelcome in Germany Abolition of Treaty of Versailles Lebensraum - self-sufficient, Anschluss Germany would have strong central government led by a Fuhrer |
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Support of Nazis during Stresemann Years |
Membership grew, but this wasn't reflected in elections. 2.6% of vote in 1928 Ideas became popular among people in countryside. Traditional ideas saw Weimar Culture as decadent Most people saw that democratic politics had been successful in solving Germany's problems |
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Reorganisation of Nazi Party between 1924 and 1929 |
SS set up in 1925 - personal bodyguard. Faction of SA, and initially around 30 men Nazi Youth movement revived as "Hitler Youth" in 1926 Merged with right-wing parties and took them over Put Josef Goebbels in charge of Propaganda Cultivated support of wealthy businessmen, promising to destroy Communism and Trade Unions. Gave Nazis finance for campaigns |
