Water And Minerals

Front 1

water

Back 1

single largest constituent of human body

60% of total body weight

can survive 6 weeks or longer without food but death in a few days without water

Front 2

function of water

Back 2

provides shape and structure to cells

regulates body temp

aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients

transport nutrients and oxygen

serves as a solvent

participates in metabolic reactions

eliminates waste products

major component of mucus and other lubs

Front 3

water balance

Back 3

dynamic state between water output and water intake

Front 4

water output

Back 4

adults lose about 1750-3000 ml of water daily

insensible water loss- not measurable

sensible water loss- measurable

body requires 500ml of urine daily to rid metabolic wastes

minimum daily total fluid output is about 1500ml

Front 5

water intake

Back 5

about 21/2 liters per day

80% from fluids and 20% from solid food

250-350ml of metabolic water is produced

Front 6

hyponatremia

Back 6

excessive water intake

lung congestion, muscle weakness, lethargy, and confusion

can progress to convulsions and prolonged coma

Front 7

minerals

Back 7

account for only 4% of bodys total weight

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfer, sodium, potassium, and chloride are major minerals

Front 8

minerals

Back 8

inorganic elements that do not undergo digestion, are not broken down or rearranged during metabolism

not destroyed by light, air, heat, or acids

Front 9

mineral function

Back 9

provide structure to body tissues

fluid balance

acid-base balance

nerve cell transmission

muscle contraction

vitamin, enzyme, and hormone activity

Front 10

mineral balance

Back 10

releasing minerals from storage for redistribution

altering rate of absorption

altering rate of excretion

Front 11

mineral toxicity

Back 11

comes related due to excessive use of mineral supplements or environmental exposure

Front 12

major electrolytes

Back 12

sodium, chloride, and potassium are major minerals that are also major electrolytes in the body

Front 13

sodium (Na)

Back 13

obtained mostly through food by food manufacturers

12% comes from natural food

fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, maintains muscle irritability, regulates cell membrane permeability and nerve impulse transmission

Front 14

sodium deciency

Back 14

rare, except with chronic diarrhea, vomitting or certain renal disorders

can cause nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps and apathy

Front 15

sodium toxicity

Back 15

hypertension and edema

Front 16

Potassium (k)

Back 16

canned tomato products, sweet potatoes, soy nuts, yogurt, bananas, peanuts, fish, beef

fluid and electrolyte balance, acid base balance, nerve impulse transmission, catalyst for many metabolic reactions, involved in skeletal and cardiac muscle activity

Front 17

K deficiency

Back 17

muscular weakness, paralysis, anorexia, and confusion (from dehydration)

Front 18

K toxicity

Back 18

from supplements or drugs

muscular weakness and vomiting

Front 19

Chloride (Cl)

Back 19

same source as sodium

fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, component of hydrochloric acid in stomach

Front 20

Cl toxicity

Back 20

normally harmless

can cause vomiting

Front 21

calcium

Back 21

plentiful mineral in the body. found in a lot of natural food

bone and teeth formation and maintenance, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, cell membrane permeability, and blood pressure

Front 22

Ca deficiency

Back 22

adult- osteoporosis

children- impaired growth

Front 23

Ca toxicity

Back 23

constipation, increased risk of renal stone formation

impaired absorption of iron and other minerals

Front 24

Phosphorus (P)

Back 24

all animal products, cereal, peas and beans

raisins, prunes, and dates

bone and teeth formation and maintenance, acid-base balance, energy metabolism, cell membrane structure, regulation of hormone and coenzyme activity

Front 25

Magnesium (Mg)

Back 25

spinach, beet greens, okra, brazil nuts, almonds, cashews, bran cereal, dried peas and beans, halibut, tuna, chocolate, cocoa

bone formation, nerve transmission, smooth muscle relaxation, protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity

Front 26

Mg deficicency

Back 26

weakness, confusion

growth failure in children

convulsion, hallucinations, tetany

Front 27

Mg toxicity

Back 27

excessive Mg from magnesium in Epsom salts causes diarrhea

in food can cause diarrhea, nausea, and cramping

Front 28

Sulfer (S)

Back 28

all protein foods

component of disulfide bridges in proteins

component of biotin, thiamin, and insulin

Front 29

S toxicity

Back 29

in animals, excessive intake of sulfur containing amino acids impairs growth

Front 30

iron (Fe)

Back 30

2/3rd of iron contained in heme portion of hemoglobin

found in transferrin (transport carrier of iron)

ferritin (storage form of iron) found in liver, bone marrow, and spleen

red meats, fish, seafood, tofu, dried fruit and bread

Front 31

iron deficiency

Back 31

impaired immune function

decreased work capacity, apathy, lethargy, fatigue, itchy skin, pale nail beds and eye membranes, impaired wound healing

intolerance to cold temperatures

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iron toxicity

Back 32

increased risk of infections, apathy, fatigue, lethargy, join disease, hair loss, organ damage, enlarged liver, amenorrhea, impotence

Front 33

Zinc (Zn)

Back 33

oysters, red meat, poultry, peas and beans

tissue growth and wound healing, sexual maturation and reproduction, constituent of many enzymes in energy and nucleic acid metabolism

immune function

vitamin A transport and taste perception

Front 34

Zn deficiency

Back 34

growth retardation, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, anorexia, delayed wound healing, taste abnormality, mental lethargy

Front 35

Zn toxicity

Back 35

anemia, elevated low density lipoprotein, lowered high density lipoprotein, diarrhea, vomiting, impaired calcium absorption, fever, renal failure, muscle pain, dizziness, reproductive failure

Front 36

Iodine

Back 36

component of thyroid hormones that regulate growth, development and metabolic rate

Front 37

iodine deficiency

Back 37

Goiter, weight gain, lethargy,

can cause mental and physical retardation during pregnancy

Front 38

iodine toxicity

Back 38

enlarged thyroid gland, decreased thyroid activity

Front 39

Selenium (Se)

Back 39

component of antioxidant enzymes, immune system, functioning, thyroid gland activity

Front 40

Se deficiency

Back 40

enlarged heart, poor heart function, impaired thyroid activity

Front 41

Se toxicity

Back 41

rare, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hair and nail changes, nerve damage, fatigue

Front 42

Copper (Cu)

Back 42

used in the production of hemoglobin

component of several enzymes

used in energy metabolism

Front 43

Cu deficiency

Back 43

rare

anemia, bone abnormalities

Front 44

Cu toxicity

Back 44

vomiting, diarrhea, liver damage

Front 45

Manganese (Mn)

Back 45

component of enzymes involved in metabolism of carbs, protein, and fat and in bone formation

Front 46

Mn toxicity

Back 46

rare, nervous system disorders

Front 47

Fluoride (Fl)

Back 47

formation and maintenance of tooth enamel, promotes resistance to dental decay, role in bone formation and integrity

Front 48

Fl deficiency

Back 48

susceptibility to dental decay

may increase risk of osteoporosis

Front 49

Fl toxicity

Back 49

fluorosis (mottling of teeth)

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pain, itching

Front 50

Chromium (Cr)

Back 50

cofactor for insulin

Front 51

strong association between cardiovascular disease

Back 51

and the ratio of sodium and potassium consumed