Vertebrate Dissection Exam

Front 1

Pigeon

REMIGES

Back 1

flight feathers on the wings

aid in providing lift and thrust

Front 2

Pigeon

RETRICES

Back 2

Flight feathers on the tail

aid in providing lift and thrust

Front 3

Pigeon

UROPYGIAL GLAND

Back 3

oil gland

dorsal at base of tail

Birds rub the oil over their feathers with their head/gill

This preserves the integrity of the feathers

Front 4

Pigeon

--> Are the remiges symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Back 4

Asymmetrical (shape)

(but symmetrically paired)

Front 5

Pigeon

CLOACA

Back 5

common chamber where digestive, urinary and reproductive products are released

Front 6

Pigeon

--> In what form do birds excrete nitrogenous waste?

Back 6

Uric Acid

Front 7

Pigeon

--> To which order do pigeons belong and are they considered true perching birds?

Back 7

Order Columbiformes

Not considered true perching birds

Three toes fwd and one toe backwards (phalanges + digit 1)

Front 8

Pigeon

--> Does the structure of their foot look like it could be adapted for perching?

Back 8

Secondarily

Can perch but aren't true perching birds

Front 9

Pigeon

--> What do pigeons eat? Can you tell based on the shape of their beak?

Back 9

Seeds, grains, fruits, berries

Sometimes insects, snails and earthworms

Have a short, rounded beak

= multipurpose

Front 10

Pigeon

BEAK

Back 10

aka bill or rostrum

used for eating, grooming, manipulating objects, predation, fighting, courtship, etc.

in pigeons,

Front 11

Pigeon

NARES

Back 11

Nostrils

Located on the beak

Lead to nasal cavity and then to the rest of the respiratory system

Front 12

Pigeon

--> Do birds such as pigeons rely heavily on olfaction?

Back 12

Not too much

olfactory cues for navigation???

Front 13

Pigeon

EYES

Back 13

vision is the most important sense for birds

four types of colour receptors

Front 14

Pigeon

--> Although these terms are relative, are pigeons generally considered a predator or prey species? Where are an animals eyes positioned in each?

Back 14

Prey = monocular vision to see wide visual field to detect predators

Predators = sharp binocular vision to see prey very well

Front 15

Pigeon

--> Do birds such as pigeons rely heavily on their field of vision?

Back 15

Yes

Front 16

Pigeon

NICTITATING MEMBRANE

Back 16

Transluscent third eyelid

Shuts horizontally

Moistens + protects the eye while still maintaining vision

Front 17

Pigeon

EAR

Back 17

very sensitive

organ for sensing sound/auditory signals

important for courtship, etc.

Front 18

Pigeon

--> Why might it be difficult to locate the pigeon's ears?

Back 18

they're covered by oracle feathers

Front 19

Pigeon

--> Do birds such as pigeons rely heavily on their hearing?

Back 19

Yes

For communication, hunting and avoiding predators

Front 20

Pigeon

UNCINATE PROCESS

Back 20

Stick out of ribs caudally (away from head)

Attach to scapula muscles and strengthen rib cage

Front 21

Pigeon

KEEL

Back 21

Extension of sternum, runs axially

Anchor for attachment to wings

Provides leverage for flight

Front 22

Pigeon

FURCULA

Back 22

aka wishbone

fusion of two clavicles

site of attachment for flight muscles

Lifts wings during recovery stroke

Front 23

Pigeon

SYNASCRUM

Back 23

Extension of the sacrum

10-23 fused vertebrae (caudal, thoracic and sacral)

fuses to pelvic girdle

provides stability in flight, increases strength and reduces weight

also supports the hind appendages during landing, hopping and jumping

Front 24

Pigeon

PYGOSTYLE

Back 24

final few caudal vertebrae

fused

support tail feathers

for steering and attachment to musculature of tail

accompanied reduction of tail

Front 25

Pigeon

TARSOMETATARSUS

Back 25

In lower leg

in between toes/foot and tibiotarsal bone

(like the shin)

Gives extra lever length to the leg for lift-off

Front 26

Pigeon

PECTORALIS

Back 26

Pulls wing down during downstroke

lies overs supracoracoideus

Much larger compared to non-flying animals

Front 27

Pigeon

SUPRACORACOIDEUS

Back 27

Pulls wing up

much smaller than pectoralis

Ventral and below pectoralis, btw keel and sternum

Front 28

Pigeon

BICEPS + TRICEPS

Back 28

first segment of wing

Front 29

Pigeon

--> Order of blood throughout circulatory system

Back 29

Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the body to by the VENA CAVA before it enters the RIGHT ATRIUM --> R VENTRICLE --> PULMONARY ARTERY --> LUNGS --> PULMONARY VEIN --> LEFT ATRIUM --> LEFT VENTRICLE --> AORTA --> BODY

B-VC-RA-RV-PA-L-PV-LA-LV-A-B

Front 30

VENA CAVA

Back 30

carries deoxygenated blood the RIGHT ATRIUM

Front 31

AORTA

Back 31

carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues

Front 32

PULMONARY ARTERY

Back 32

takes oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Front 33

PULMONARY VEIN

Back 33

takes deoxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium

Front 34

LEFT ATRIUM

Back 34

takes oxygenated blood to left ventricle

Front 35

RIGHT ATRIUM

Back 35

receives DEoxygenated blood from vena cava and pumps it to the right ventricle

Front 36

Pigeon

--> Are the atrial or ventricular walls thickest? Why?

Back 36

Ventricles are thicker

Need to generate higher pressures to pump blood throughout the body or to the lungs

Front 37

Pigeon

--> What is the main structural difference btw a bird's and turtle's heart? What does this mean in terms of blood oxygen levels?

Back 37

Turtles = 3 chambers

Birds = 4 chambers

allows birds to have max O2 use

Front 38

Pigeon

Air Sacs

Back 38

create unidirectional flow of air

maximize oxygen extraction

prevent overheating during flight

Front 39

Pigeon

Esophagus

Back 39

Carries food from mouth to crop

Front 40

Pigeon

Order through digestive system

Back 40

Mouth --> esophagus --> crop --> proventriculus --> ventriculus/gizzard --> intestine + pancreas --> cloaca

Front 41

Pigeon

Crop

Back 41

stores food temporarily

softens food, keeps it moist

produces "pigeon's milk" from proliferation and sloughing of cells = young pigeons feed on this before they can eat grains

Front 42

Pigeon

--> is the crop more or less developed in insect feeding birds compared to grain feeding birds? why?

Back 42

crops are less well-developed in insectivores

they feed throughout the day on sparsely distributed food (instead of eating all at once when they find some)

Front 43

Pigeon

PROVENTRICULUS

Back 43

first glandular component of digestive system

secretes gastric juices that initiate digestion

Front 44

Pigeon

VENTRICULUS/GIZZARD

Back 44

muscular walls to abrade and crush seeds

birds may swallow sand or other abrasives to aid digestion

Front 45

Pigeon

--> What set of structures is missing in birds that makes the ventriculus an essential organ?

Back 45

Teeth

lost to minimize weight during flight

Front 46

INTESTINES

Back 46

pancreatic and liver secretions aid in digestion

absorption of nutrients

Front 47

PANCREAS

Back 47

secretes pancreatic fluid for breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

pigeon = within first folds of intestine

Front 48

CECUM/CECA

Back 48

absorption of water and proteins

microbial decomposition of fiber (cellulases)

Front 49

Pigeon

--> Would carnivorous birds be likely to have ceca?

Back 49

Less likely because they wouldn't be eating as much fibre/cellulose

Front 50

Pigeon

What kind of kidney do birds have?

Back 50

Metanephric

Front 51

Pigeon

KIDNEY

Back 51

at back of bird, against bottom of rib cage

Front 52

Pigeon

--> Do birds have a urinary bladder?

Back 52

No

Front 53

Pigeon

--> where does water get reabsorbed from waste material?

Back 53

intestine, cloaca + kidney

Front 54

Pigeon

OVARY, OVIDUCT

TESTES

Back 54

Ovary = bunch of dark bulbs containing the eggs

Oviduct connects the ovary to the cloaca

Testes = alongside dorsal aorta,

Front 55

Rat

PELAGE

Back 55

fur and hair

keeps rat warm

behavioural displays

Front 56

Rat

--> is the pelage found in any other groups than mammals?

Back 56

Nope

Front 57

Rat

VIBRISSAE

Back 57

tactile hair (whiskers)

longer and thinner

large follicles with blood-filled sinus tissues

Front 58

Rat

--> what is the analogous structure found in birds to the vibrissae?

Back 58

Filoplume feathers

Front 59

Rat

TEATS

Back 59

female rats only

nipple of mammary gland from which milk is sucked by the young

Front 60

Rat

--> What gland is associated with the teats? Do all mammals have this gland?

Back 60

Mammary gland

all mammals have it

Front 61

Rat

CLAWS

Back 61

made of keratin

used to catch and hold prey in predatory mammals

also used in digging, climbing trees, self-defense, grooming, eating, etc.

Front 62

Rat

--> What are claws called in primates and ungulates?

Back 62

Primates = nails

Ungulates = hooves

Front 63

Rat

INCISSORS

Back 63

front teeth

in all heterodont mammals

used for cutting/tearing

Front 64

Rat

--> With respect to rodents, what is malocclusion and why does it occur?

Back 64

incissors overgrow because other teeth aren't aligned properly and the rat can't grind down the incissors so they overgrow

Front 65

Rat

PINNA

Back 65

cartilagenous portion of ears (stick out)

collect sound by acting as a funnel

Front 66

Rat

--> Was the sense of hearing important in early mammalian evolution?

Back 66

Yes

fossils show well-developed auditory regions compared to mammals

Front 67

Rat

--> Primates have well-developed colour vision. Is that the exception or the rule for mammals? Why?

Back 67

Exception

most mammals have bad colour vision because they in their early evoluiton they survived extinctions by burrowing = didn't need colours

Also not as impt for nocturnal mammals

Primates may have evolved colour vision to see fruits and leaves etc. in trees.

Front 68

Rats

UROGENITAL OPENING

Back 68

excretes nitrogenous waste (urea)

Front 69

Rats

--> What is the difference btw placental mammals (eg rat) and other vertebrate groups we've examined so far in terms of the external openings for the excretory, digestive and reproductive systems?

Back 69

Monotremes = single opening = cloaca = for digestion, excretion and reproductive systems

Marsupials = cloaca (excretion and reproduction) and anus (digestion)

Placentals = anus and either vagina + urethra or penis

Front 70

Rat

SECONDARY PALATE

Back 70

roof of mouth

evolved twice in vertebrates, once in mammals

separates nasal and oral cavities bc mammals chew

can breathe while chewing but not while swallowing

Front 71

Rat

SALIVARY GLANDS

Back 71

produce saliva, which lubricates food and has salivary amylase for the breakdown of starches

Front 72

Rat

--> What contagious condition (easily preventable by immunization) is commonly associated with swollen salivary glands?

Back 72

Mumps

caused by a virus that is passed btw animals through passing of saliva

Front 73

Rat

NECK LYMPH GLANDS/NODES

Back 73

Lymph contains lymphocytes (WBCs) = antigens go through lymph system into lymph nods; make antibodies which travel through circ system and target the pathogens

Front 74

Rat

DIAPHRAGM

Back 74

used in inspiration

during contraction it pushes downward and pulls pleural membrane with it

pressure drops and expands thorax; air flows into lungs

Front 75

Rat

--> What is the main difference between the way amphibs vs mammals ventilate their lungs?

Back 75

Amphib lungs = less SA, no diaphragm, positive pressure, force-pump mechanism

Mammal lungs = negative pressure

Front 76

Rat

TRACHEA

Back 76

brings air into lungs from larynx

Front 77

Rat

--> What is the function of the cartilagenous rings in the tracheal walls?

Back 77

Prevent collapse due to traction forces while allowing trachea to adjust in length and width

Front 78

Rat

LUNGS

Back 78

site of gas exchange

1 lobe on the left

4 lobes on the right

5 total

Front 79

Rat

--> List the main structures, in order, through which air passes from the external environment into the blood stream of mammals

Back 79

Nasal cavity - pharynx - glottis + larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchiole tubes - alveoli - exchange - blood stream

Front 80

Rat

--> The fully septate ventricle found in birds and mammals is an example of what type of evolution?

Back 80

Convergent

Front 81

Rat

LIVER

Back 81

produces bile

processes chemicals/drugs

stores and releases glycogen

Front 82

Rat

ESOPHAGUS

Back 82

carries food from stomach to mouth

Front 83

Rat

--> What is another name for "alimentary canal"? What three main structures does it include?

Back 83

Digestive tract/gastrointestinal tract

Esophagus, stomach and intestine

Front 84

Rat

STOMACH

Back 84

secretes acids and enzymes that digest food

right side, below the liver

Front 85

Rat

PANCREAS

Back 85

covers stomach, cottage-cheese like

secretes digestive enzymes into intestine and stomach

Front 86

Rat

--> Briefly describe the disorder (both forms of it) most often associated with the pancreas.

Back 86

Diabetes

Type 1: pancreas doesn't produce insulin

Type 2: pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to deal with the glucose in the body

Front 87

Rat

--> Define hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

Back 87

Hypo = low blood sugar

Hyper = high blood sugar

Front 88

Rat

--> The pancreas is primarily considered an exocrine gland, but also functions as an endocrine gland. What do these terms mean?

Back 88

Exo = secrete their product through a duct to an external structure/destination

Endo = secrete their product (hormones) directly into the blood stream

Front 89

Rat

SPLEEN

Back 89

banana shaped, next to pancreas

filters blood and recycles old red blood cells

Front 90

Rat

SMALL INTESTINE

Back 90

absorption of nutrients

Front 91

Rat

--> What are the three regions of the small intestine?

Back 91

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 92

Rat

LARGE INTESTINE/COLON

Back 92

reabsorbs fluid, vitamins, ions

processes wastes for excretion

Front 93

Rat

CECUM

Back 93

connects the large and small intestines

contains bacteria that break down cellulose

Front 94

Rat

Kidney -- CORTEX

Back 94

outer portion of kidney

Front 95

Rat

Kidney --> Medulla

Back 95

Inner portion of kidney

contains nephrons that maintain the salt and water balance of the blood

hypertonic to filtrate, which helps with reabsorption of water

Front 96

Rat

--> What type of kidney do mammals have?

Back 96

metanephric

Front 97

Rat

--> What type of nitrogenous waste do mammals excrete? How does this form of nitrogenous waste compare to other forms in terms of the amount of water required for excretion?

Back 97

Urea

Water usage:

Ammonia >> Urea >> Uric Acid

Front 98

Rat

BLADDER

Back 98

Right above prostate glands

stores urine

Front 99

Rat

URETHRA

Back 99

pathway urine takes to exit body

Front 100

Rat

PROSTATE GLAND

Back 100

secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm

Front 101

Rat

SEMINAL VESICLE

Back 101

produces fructose which gives sperm energy

Front 102

Rat

TESTIS

Back 102

produce sperm

Front 103

Rat

EPIDIDYMUS

Back 103

transports and stores sperm cells stored in testicles

thin fin-like tissue attached to testis

Front 104

Rat

VAS DEFERENS

Back 104

transports mature sperm to urethra

Front 105

Rat

OVARIES

Back 105

produce and release eggs

Front 106

Rat

UTERINE HORNS

Back 106

hold developing embryos

Front 107

Rat

What is the primary functional difference between uterine horns (rat) and a uterus (humans)

Back 107

Two horns of one uterus (humans just have one)

Enables rats to have many offspring at once

Front 108

Frog

HUMERUS

Back 108

~ Upper arm

Front 109

Frog

SCAPULA

Back 109

~ shoulder

Front 110

Frog

FEMUR

Back 110

~ upper leg

Front 111

Frog

UROSTYLE

Back 111

fused vertebrae at base of vertebral column

(middle one)

Front 112

Frog

RADIOULNA

Back 112

fusion of radius and ulna

forearm (btw humerus and hand)

Front 113

Frog

TIBIOFIBULA

Back 113

fusion of tibia and fibula

second portion of leg (after the femur)

Front 114

Frog

TARSAL BONES (elongated)

Back 114

3rd portion of leg (right before foot)

two bones; not fused

Front 115

Frog

TYMPANUM

Back 115

ear

Front 116

Frog

EYES

Back 116

elevated to allow them to remain concealed under water while watching for prey and predators

if tympanum is smaller than the eye, the frog is likely female

Front 117

Frog

CLOACA

Back 117

common orifice for urine, faeces and gametes

Front 118

Frog

LIVER

Back 118

bile production

Front 119

Frog

FAT BODIES

Back 119

storage of energy reserves to be used during hibernation

banana-like, many of them

Front 120

Frog

ESOPHAGUS

Back 120

extension of stomach, carries food

Front 121

Frog

STOMACH

Back 121

elnogated and veiny

Front 122

Frog

GALL BLADDER

Back 122

stores bile produced by the liver

round + smooth, underneath the lobes of the liver

Front 123

Frog

BILE DUCT

Back 123

transports secretions from the liver and pancreas to the duodenum

Front 124

Frog

PANCREAS

Back 124

produces digestive enzymes and delivers them through common bile duct to the duodenum

difficult to see, kind of underneath stomach, attached to small intestines

Front 125

Frog

DUODENUM/SMALL INTESTINE

Back 125

beginning of small intestine

site of further breakdown of food from stomach

Front 126

Frog

LARGE INTESTINE

Back 126

site of water, vitamin and ion reabsorption

Front 127

Frog

CLOACA

Back 127

common orifice for the excretion of reproductive, urinary and digestive wastes

Front 128

Frog

LUNGS

Back 128

small, next to heart + paired

Front 129

Frog

HEART

Back 129

three chambers! (ventricles are not separated)

Front 130

Frog

KIDNEYS

Back 130

elongated

either side of the caudal vena cava dorsal to the intestinal tract

Front 131

Frog

URETERS + URINARY BLADDER

Back 131

take urine from kidneys to urinary bladder, where they are stored

Front 132

Frog

TESTES

Back 132

attached to ventral surface of kidneys by vas efferentia

sperm are passed through the vas efferentia to the kidneys, through the ureters and finally to the cloaca

Front 133

Frog

OVARIES

Back 133

mature eggs are released into to the coelom, transported to the oviduct and then to the corresponding uterus on that side

grey + spotty/grainy