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50 Cards in this Set
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Lecture 8 - Respiration and Circulation
What is the primitive respiratory system? How did this change over time? What is now present? |
Passive diffusion was the primitive way of respiration but this took a VERY long time. - so the gradients and pumps and surface area increased for gasses to diffuse across. - Now we also see the presence of EXTERNAL and INTERNAL respiration in larger organisms in the form of GILLS. |
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What are Gills? What is the difference between internal and external gills? - in internal gills, what is the form of respiration that organisms like sharks use with their muscular actions? |
Gills: vascular filaments that merged off the pharyngeal arches. ** they provide lots of surface area for water to pass over. Internal gills - mostly unidirectional * modern fish have opercular gills Ram ventilation is found in chondricthyes that move forward causing water to rush into the gills External gills - have a multidirectional flow * filament muscles around the gills * a dual pump system is a multidirectional flow |
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How does a dual pump system work? |
the opercular chamber and mouth are included - by creating a pressure gradient, water is pushed into the gills * theres a continuous movement of water. |
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What are the primitive and derived features of lungs? - What are the internal structures? explain in detail |
Lungs: come in many forms - primitive lungs can be seen as air sacs connected to the digestive systems of fish. Which is also referred to as the swim bladder (that assists fish with their boyancy) * Faviform lung (w/long tube) - contain faveoli that act as gas chambers - this type of lung can be seen in snakes, birds and reptiles - derived features are seen in amniotes. * bronchial lung (two big lung sacs) - contain aveoli * 300 MILLION aveoli in one lung that give the lungs unlimited surface area for quick gas exchange to occur. - this derived lung includes a trachea and a larynx |
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What are the different types of breathing and which kinds of organisms can they be found in ? |
Buccal (positive) pumping: * less efficient and conflicting * good for those with a low metabolic rate * seen in frogs Cutaneous breathing: * skin must be moist * gas exchanges through the skin * seen in amphibians Coastal (negative) breathing: seen in mammals and humans * using our unique diaphragm |
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What are the major blood vessels in the heart? Arteries >arterioles>capillaries >venules >veins |
1) Arteries and arterioles * carry blood AWAY from the heart * have elastic and smooth muscles * need to be able to with stand high pumping pressure from the heart ex: left and right arteries * arterioles are smaller arteries 2) Capillaries * found in groups and is the site where GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS * * the flow of the blood is controlled by sphyncter muscles * have a very thin layer of epithelial skin 3) Veins and venules * contain thinner walls of epithelial tissue * carry blood TO the heart |
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What is the lymphatic system? |
The lymphatic system can be found in gnathastomes - lost fluid is cleaned by passing through lymphnodes |
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What are the two types of vascular circuits? what is the primitive condition? |
PRIMITIVE: 6 aortic arches 1) single circuit system: primitive (sharks) * is a low pressure system - this system starts with the heart and then leads to the ventral aortae. - system will end with the common cardinal vein leading back to the heart 2) Dual circuit system (2 pumps that will circulate all of the blood through the lungs and organs) * needs to be a higher pressure system that leads to muscularization of the heart - system circuit - pulmonary circuit
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What are the pathways of the primitive pulmonary system (lungfish) and the derived system (mammals)? |
primitive: the blood bypasses the gills which are inactive and goes to the pulmonary arteries. The oxygen is then picked up and goes to the lungs. Derived: now we see a 4 chambered heart. There are two ventricles and two aorta. |
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What is a tripartite heart and what are the PRIMITIVE characteristics of vertebrates?
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- sinus venosus - atrium - ventricle ^ 2 still derived Sinus venosus LOST |
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Lecture 10 - Nervous, sensory and endocrine system What is the Neuron design? components? |
Neurons: tree like structures with a trunk and have bundles of axons
* axons: transmit electrical pulses to the body (the talker) away from the cells * the branchy part found in neurons are called dendrites that receive the signals and transmit to the cell body. (listeners) * synapse: the site of impulse transfer * |
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Explain the differences between the nervous system and the pheripheral system
what is the myelin sheath? |
Central: includes the brain and spine * main control center pheriphrial: all nerves that branch from brain and spine that allows the whole body to communicate with the brain. - nerves and ganglia are found in the PNS while tracts and nuclei are found in the CNS. myelin sheath: a fatty substance that acts as a good insulator * used for an electron pulse to help improve conductivity |
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What are the spinal nerve components? |
somatic sensory nerves: provide information about the skin sensations - going from outside the muscles to the CNS somatic motor nerves: carry info from the CNS back to the muscles Visceral sensory : involuntary * from muscle to CNS (info about the digestive system, liver, etc) visceral motor: *involuntary from CNS back to the muscle |
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What is the arrangment of the nerves (derived) |
*both connect nerves to the spinal cord dorsal root: sensory nerves come in ventral root: motor info goes out |
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What are some examples of cranial nerves? |
cranial nerves: unlike spinal nerves because they can either be sensory or motor * olfactory nerve - sensory ONLY * optic nerve - sensory tract * auditory nerve - senses change in pressure |
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What are the 3 parts of the brain? |
1) Hindbrain a. medulla oblongata - expansion of spinal cord (regulates skeletal muscle and heart beat) b. cerebellum - coordinates motor control 2) Midbrain: bridge btwn hind and forebrain * larger in teolesti * controls vision and auditory inputs 3) forebrain - Enlarged in lots of derived verts * site for neural and endocrine integration * contains the cerebrum(which are hemispheres of brain) - spongy portion of mammalian brain |
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Sensory organs: describe the olfaction in fishes and tetrapods |
olfaction: sense of smell fish - nasal sacs that most be kept moist * water enters the nasal sacs at fish moves through water * 1 way system having 2 openings to the mouth: called the Choana tetrapods: external nostrils * turbinate bone - folds found inside nostrils - increase the surface area in nose - increases sense of smell ex: bears have ALOT of turbinate bone * vomeronasal organ - accessory olfaction organ. not too many known specifics but could be why taste and smell are affected by similar nerves |
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What are proprioceptors and visceral receptors? |
proprioceptors: sense receptors in muscles and tendons that convey the current position of muscles and limbs * deals with balance visceral receptors: |
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What is the Acousticolateralis system? hair cell? neuromast organ? |
hair cells: important in detecting fluid movements. - specialized in asymetrical length that allow for a response neuromast organ: a base for hearing, balance and movement |
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What are the components for balance and movement? |
vestibular apparatus - found in inner ear. useful for balance |
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Components of audition and vibration |
- In the ears of Anurans and Amniotes * pinnae (external ear) and tympanic membranes that differentiates the direction of sound * stapes * lagena - fish use a lateral line system * neuromass organs are embedded into the skin. when water enters the canal, it can give a fish its position * can respond to currents and pressure differences in the water. |
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Which of the following parts of the brain integrate (links) the nervous and endocrine system? a) medulla oblongata b) hypothalamus c) cerebellum d) cerebrum |
D) cerebrum |
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which of the following extinct fishes are gnathostomes? a) placoderms b) acanthodians c) ostracoderms d) A and B |
d) A and B placoderms and acanthodians |
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which of the following teleost groups are characterized by leptocephalus (glass eel) larvae? a) osteoglossmorpha b) Elopomorpha c) clupeomorpha d) euteleostei |
B) elopomorpha |
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swimming by means of mostly caudal (tail) fin movement is called: a) labriform b) carangiform c) anguilliform d) rajiform |
b) carangiform |
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organisms such as fish that produce only once and then die are called: a) semelparous b) diadromous c) catadromous d) iteroparous |
a) semelparous |
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which of the following is an extinct group of flying archosaurs from the mesozioc? a) saurichia b) pterasuria c) thecondonts d) ornithicia |
b) pterasuria |
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the electrocyte cells found in the electricity producing organs of fish evolved from: a) osteoblasts b) skeletal muscle cells c) fin rays d) chromatophores |
b) skeletal muscle cells |
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which of the following are used in intromittent structures for internal fertilization in vertebrates? a) claspers in sharks b) hemipenes in squamates c) spermatophores in salamanders d) all of the above |
d) all of the above |
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which of the following is true of anuran anatomy? a) legless forms are common b) juveniles often have keratinized beaks c) they have many extra vertebrae d) they aren't capable of tongue projection |
b) juveniles often have keratinized beaks |
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lungs initially evolved in which vertebrate group? a) early tetrapods b) early bony fish c) early jawless fish d) early amnoites |
b) early bony fish |
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coastal pumping (respiration involves): a) positive pressure pumping b) muscles of the head and jaw c) axial muscles and ribs d) a and B |
c) axial muscles and ribs - led by the contractions of the diaphragm |
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the pulmonary arteries carry: a) oxygenated blood to the body b) oxygenated blood from the lungs c) DEoxygenated blood to the lungs d) DEoxygenated blood from the body |
c) DEoxygenated blood to the lungs |
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muscle position and tension are detected by sensory structures called: a) ampullae of lorenzini b) proprioceptors c) otoliths d) none of the above |
b) propioceptors |
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species with separate male and female individuals (for their entire life) are called: a) dioecious b) sequential hermaphrodites c) parthenogens d) simultaneous hermaphrodites ` |
a) dioecious |
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senses conveyed from the skin, like touch and pain, are relayed to the central nervous system by: a) somatic motor nerves b) somatic sensory nerves c) visceral motor c) visceral sensory |
b) somatic sensory nerves **
-would not be somatic motor because that would be when signals from the CNS are going back to the skin or muscles to perform an action -would not be visceral nerves because those control involuntary movements like the digestive tract, liver, heart, etc. |
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physotomous swim bladders employ which of the following structures? a) a pneumatic duct b) a gas gland c) an ovale d) nephrons |
a) pneumatic duct
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which of the following are synapomorphies (uniting features) of the lissamphibia a) pedicellate teeth b) levator bulbi muscles c) moist and glandular skin d) all of the above |
c) moist and glandular skin |
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the ductus ateriosus of embryonic vertebrates shunts blood away from (around) the: a) heart b) lungs c) kidneys d) skin |
b) lungs |
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which osmoregulatory strategy is used by a shark living in seawater? a) uric acid b) high skin permeability c) retain urea in the blood d) a low salt diet |
c) retain urea in the blood |
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a corpus luteum in a vertebrate ovary produces the hormone: a) insulin b) estrogen c) testosterone d) progesterone |
d) progesterone |
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the tripartite heart of vertebrates consists of 3 distinct parts, the _______ , the ________ and the ______ |
- sinus venosus - atrium - ventricle sinus venosus LOST in derived characteristics |
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a nephron consists of a leaky capillary bed called the ______ through which blood plasma drains into the renal capsule. following the renal capsule are promixal and distal _________ where these fluids are concentrated and water is recovered back into the blood supply |
1) glomerulus 2) convoluted tubules |
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early tetrapods may be divided into two major groups, the _____ from which modern lissamphibia evolved and the _______ that ultimately gave rise to the amniotes. |
1) batrocomorphs 2) aeptilomorphs |
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fish that reproduce in freshwater but migrate to sea to grow before returning to freshwater as adults have a migration pattern called ________. those that spawn in saltwater but grow to maturity in freshwater follow a pattern called _______ |
1) anadromy 2) catadromy |
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amniotes that lack temporal fenestra, including the ancestral forms, are called ________. those with a single fenestra, like mammals, are called ___________ and animals like archosaurs and lepidosaurs with two temporal fenestra are labeled ______. |
1) anapsid 2) synapsid 3) diapsid |
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the _________ is a group of salamanders (urodela) that lack lungs. This group is also terrestrial, which is aided by the ability of males to identify neighbors, strangers or potential mates based on scents detected with their ________________. |
1) plethodontidae 2) nasolabial grooves |
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hair cells clustered together into sensory structured called ___________. these structures are found throughout the acousticolateralis system, including in the ___________. |
1) neuromast organs 2) lateral lines ^ lateral line system in fish senses water pressure changes |
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provisioning of embryos with nutrition in the form of egg yolk is referred to as ___________. providing nutrition in the form of maternal products like secretions or through a placenta is referred to as ________. |
1) lecithotrophy (which connected to oviparity) external fertilization
2) matrotrophy (which of connected to viviparity, or live birth) |
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most of the focusing of the eye in aquatic vertebrates is accomplished by movement of a very round ______, whereas most of the coarser focusing in terrestrial vertebrates is accomplished by the __________. |
1) lens 2) cornea |
