Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Blood pressure |
The force exerted by the blood on the arterial walls |
|
|
What is the systolic/diastolic pressure? |
120mmHg/80mmHg |
|
|
What is the pulse pressure? |
The difference between the systolic and the diastolic |
|
|
How is blood pressure calculated? |
The cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) multiplied by the peripheral resistance |
|
|
How is MAP calculated? |
DBP + 1/3 PP |
|
|
What is the effect of the SNS on BP? |
When norepinephrine is released it causes vasoconstriction and therefore a raise in blood pressure |
|
|
What is the ultimate effect of the RAAS? |
To raise blood pressure |
|
|
What are the three active products of the RAAS and what do these products do? |
Angiotensin II: causes vasoconstriction ADH: causes retention of water Aldosterone: Salt retention and therefore water retention |
|
|
What is the threshold for hypertension? |
140/90mmHg Mild: 140-159/90-99 Moderate: 160-179/100-109 Severe: >180/>110mmHg |
|
|
Two types of hypertension and the differences |
Primary (essential): no identifiable cause Secondary: Caused by renal disorders or endocrine disorders (pheochromcytoma etc.) |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of primary hypertension? |
The tunica media (muscular layer of the artery) becomes inflamed leading to vasoconstriction |
|
|
How is the RAAS implicated in hypertension? |
Reduced renal blood flow stimulates the kidneys to release renin which potentiates the effect of the initial reduced blood flow |
|
|
What does hypertension increase your risk of? |
Atherosclerosis |
|
|
What does weakening of the arterial wall? |
It increases the risk of an aneurysm and therefore vessel rupture/hemorrhage |
|
|
Are the ideal BPs for those with hypertension and DM lower than hypertension alone? |
Yes |
|
|
What is a dietary potentiating factor for hypertension? |
High salt diet that causes, increased blood volume |
|
|
What dietary modifications can reduce risk of hypertension? |
Low salt, low fat, lots of important dietary salts, reduce body weight |
|
|
What lifestyle modifications? |
Stop smoking, exercise, manage stress, reduce alcohol consumption |
|
|
Antihypertensive drugs |
Similar to those for other cardiac disorders: B-blockers (reduce vasoconstriction) Ca2+ channel blocker Diuretics (thiazide) Vasodilators ACE inhibitor |
|
|
Resistant hypertension |
Hypertension that does not respond to treatment (may need to be treated with 3 or more drugs) Present in the elderly, obese and those with renal damage |
|
|
Malignant hypertension |
Hypertension that results in organ damage |
|
|
Thrombophlebitis |
A thrombus (blood clot) that forms as the result of initial inflammation Itis suffix indicates that inflammation is implicated |
|
|
Phlebothrombosis |
A blood clot that forms spontaneously with no initial inflammation |
|
|
What is a complication of thromboembolic disease? |
A pulmonary embolism (where a blood clot dislodges and clots a vessel in the lungs) |
|
|
What is the site of origin for each thromboembolic disease? |
Thrombophlebitis: superficial veins Phlebothrombosis: Deep veins (DVT) |
|
|
What is the drug treatment for thromboembolic disease? |
Anticoagulant: Heparin |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of thromboembolic diseases? |
Begin with slow blood flow (blood pooling) Endothelial Injury Hypercoagulability |
