Us History: Civil War And Reconstruction

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Jefferson Davis

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Confederate President whose conflict with states' rights advocates and rigid personality harmed his ability to mobilize and direct the Southern war effort.

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Charles Francis Adams

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American envoy whose shrewd, careful diplomacy pushed the British toward neutrality and avoided confrontations that might have led to war with Britain.

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Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson

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Daring Southern commander killed in the Battle of Chancellorsville. He recieved his nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run.

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George E. Pickett

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Southern officer whose failed charge at Gettysburg marked "the high water mark of the Confederacy."

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William Tecumseh Sherman

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Ruthless Northern general who waged a march through Georgia.

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Robert Edward Lee

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Gentlemanly commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, he was later promoted to General-in-Chief of the Confederate Army. His hesitation at Gettysburg and cooperation with radical Reconstruction earned him enmity of his former colleagues.

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John Wilkes Booth

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Fanatical actor whose act of violence harmed the South's efforts of Reconstruction.

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Ulysses S. Grant

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Union commander who first made his mark with victories in the West. He was known as "Unconditional Surrender" Greant after his military demands from his enemies at Ft. Donelsona and elsewhere.

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Andrew Johnson

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Pro-Union Democrat from the South who ran as Lincoln's "Union Party" vice-presidential candidate in 1864.

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Clement L. Vallandigham

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Notorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada.

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George B. McClellan

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He was a meticulous Union general whose failures as a commander led him to be relieved of his command. He repudiated his party's Copperhead platform and polled 45% of the popular vote when he ran for President in 1864.

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William H. Seward

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He was an abolitionist politician. As Secretary of State he arranged for the unpopular, but valuable purchase of Alaska in 1867.

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Hiram Revels

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He was the first African-American to serve in the United States Senate, elected during Reconstruction from Mississippi.

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Oliver O. Howard

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Pro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the freedmen.

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Benjamin Wade

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The president pro-tempore of the Senate who expected to become President of the United States after Johnson's impeachment conviction.

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Thaddeus Stevens

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He was the leader of radical Republicans in the House of Representatives who wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the Civil War as Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee.

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Samuel J. Tilden

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He was the governor of New York who ran as the Democratic candidate in the disputed election of 1876.

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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He was the governor of Ohio who ran as the Republican candidate in the disputed election of 1876 and the winner.

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Naval Blockade

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The effective Northern naval effort to strangle the Southern economy and dethrone "King Cotton."

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RMS Trent

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A ship from which two Confederate diplomats were removed, creating a major crisis between London and Washington.

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CSS Alabama

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Vessel built in Britain that wreaked havoc on Northern shipping until it was finally sunk off the coast of France in 1864.

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Draft/Conscription

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Provision established by Congress in 1863, after volunteers ran out, that provoked violent protests in Northern cities.

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Greenbacks

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Paper currency printed by the Union government that fell victim to wartime inflation.

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Writ of Habeas Corpus

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The civil liberty that was suspended by Lincoln in defiance of the Constitution and the Supreme Court's Chief Justice.

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Peninsula Campaign

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Gen. McClellan's failed attempt to capture Richmond quickly by following an invasion route between the York and the James River.

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National Union Party

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The 1864 coalition of republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's reelection with Andrew Johnson on the ticket.

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Ford's Theater

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Washington, DC site where Lincoln was assassinated by John W. Booth on April 14, 1865 while watching "Our American Cousin"

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"Lost Cause"

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The romantic name given to the Southern fight for independence, indicating nobility despite defeat.

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Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands

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Known as the "Freedmen's Bureau," it was a federal agency that greatly assisted blacks educationally, but failed in other aid efforts.

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Ten Percent Plan

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Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South

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Wade-Davis Bill

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A congressional bill of 1864, pocket vetoed by Lincoln, that required 50% of a Southern state's voters to take an oath of allegiance beforre its readmission to the Union

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Thirteenth Amendment

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The Constitutional amendment that freed all slaves.

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Fourteenth Amendment

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The Constitutional amendment that established the citizenship and rights of African-Americans.

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Fifteenth Amendment

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The Constitutional amendment that guaranteed African-Americans the right to vote.

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Black Codes

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The harsh Southern state laws of 1865 that limited black rights and imposed restrictions to ensure a stable black labor supply.

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Committee of Fifteen

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The congressional committee, led by radical Thaddeus Stevens, that directed the program of military Reconstruction.

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Ex Parte Milligan
(1866)

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The Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when civil courts were open.

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Scalawags

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Derogatory term for white Southerners who coopereated with the Republican Reconstruction governments.

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Carpetbaggers

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Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction and sometimes took part in Republican state governments.