Unit 3 Anatomy

Front 1

medulla oblongata

Back 1

merges with spinal cord. helps control heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, respiration, and vomiting

Front 2

pons

Back 2

bridge that passes along motor and sensory information, possesses grey matter that assists respiration

Front 3

midbrain

Back 3

acts as a relay system for visual and auditory info, as well as motor control and sleep/wake up

Front 4

cerebellum

Back 4

helps with coordination and balance. retains muscle memory

Front 5

thalamus

Back 5

sorts out the sensory information from the brainstem to the rest of the brain to be processed appropriately

Front 6

hypothalamus

Back 6

responsible for maintaining homeostasis (body temperature, osmolarity, etc), directs eating, drinking, and pleasure

Front 7

posterior pituitary gland

Back 7

sends hormones out to the body through nerves

Front 8

cerebrum

Back 8

makes sense of all of the data that is entering the brain. made up of neurons and the four major lobes

Front 9

corpus callosum

Back 9

bundles of nerves that connect the two brain hemispheres

Front 10

basal ganglia

Back 10

made up of tons of nuclei. controls a large portion of motor control

Front 11

frontal lobe

Back 11

controls executive functioning and emotional responses, involved in motor control of speech

Front 12

parietal lobe

Back 12

processes sensory information, reacting to the environment

Front 13

occipital lobe

Back 13

visual processing

Front 14

temporal lobe

Back 14

integral in language, hearing, and memory

Front 15

somatosensory cortex

Back 15

processes the sensory information

Front 16

motor cortex

Back 16

point of integration for sensory input and motor output

Front 17

brocas area

Back 17

directs muscle movement of the mouth and tongue involved in speech

Front 18

wernicke’s area

Back 18

involved in language comprehension and expression

Front 19

reticular activating system

Back 19

network of grey matter nuclei in the brainstem. tells the cerebellum when to sleep/wake up. filters incoming messages to determine what should reach your conscious attention

Front 20

ADH

Back 20

anti diuretic hormone, controls blood pressure and the body’s water contents

Front 21

ACTH

Back 21

adrenocorticotropic hormone, which controls the production of the sex hormones

Front 22

TSH

Back 22

thyroid stimulating hormone, stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its respective hormones

Front 23

pituitary gland

Back 23

powerhouse of most glandular function within the body based upon the signals it receives from the brain

Front 24

thyroid gland

Back 24

located in the neck, this gland secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones that directly affect metabolism and growth, along with calcitonin, which controls the amount of calcium within the body

Front 25

thymus gland

Back 25

controls T-lymphocytes, which are responsible for immunity, located in the lymph nodes

Front 26

pancreas

Back 26

produces insulin (increases blood glucose levels) and glucagon (decreases blood glucose levels) which control the level of glucose in the bloodstream, also produces digestive enzymes used to control digestion

Front 27

testes

Back 27

present in males, contain testosterone which is responsible for the commencement of male puberty

Front 28

ovaries

Back 28

present in females, contains estrogen which is responsible for the commencement of female puberty

Front 29

adrenal cortex

Back 29

produces corticosteroids which control water and salt balance within the body, the body’s response to stress, metabolism and the immune system

Front 30

adrenal medulla

Back 30

produces epinephrine which influences heart rate and blood pressure when the body is under stress

Front 31

parathyroid glands

Back 31

monitor the amount of calcium in the bones and the blood, located approx. in the middle of the brain

Front 32

pineal gland

Back 32

produces melatonin, which is responsible for sleep patterns and cycles

Front 33

hypothalamus

Back 33

connects the nervous system to the endocrine system, secretes GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone, which regulates the release of the growth hormone in the pituitary gland)

Front 34

astrocytes

Back 34

control the chemical environment surrounding the neurons. theyre shaped like stars, and also have radiating processes which help in attaching to neurons and capillaries (CNS)

Front 35

microglial cells

Back 35

oval shaped with spike like processes, these cells help clean out neuronal debris by transforming into phagocytic macrophages (CNS)

Front 36

ependymal cells

Back 36

line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord by forming a barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the tissue cells of the cns

Front 37

oligodendrocytes

Back 37

produce the myelin sheath, which provides an insulating cover to the nerves(CNS)

Front 38

satellite cells

Back 38

surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS, analogous to astrocytes

Front 39

schwann cells

Back 39

form myelin sheaths around the nerve fibers in the PNS

Front 40

multipolar neurons

Back 40

contain three or more processes that extend out from the cell body

Front 41

bipolar neurons

Back 41

only have two processes that extend out in opposite directions

Front 42

unipolar neuron

Back 42

single, short process that extends from the cell body and then branches into two more processes that extend in opposite directions

Front 43

blood brain barrier

Back 43

made up of endothelial cells that are connected by tight junctions. shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream

Front 44

autonomic nervous system

Back 44

part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes

Front 45

sympathetic nervous system paras

Back 45

part of ANS, responds to stressors on the body by raising heart rate, respiration, inhibits stomach and intestinal digestion, dilates pupils, releases epinephrine (adrenaline), and stops salivation

Front 46

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 46

carries out its actions when the body is relaxed, such as slowing respiration and heart rate, allowing digestion and salivation, and constricts pupils

Front 47

steroid based hormones

Back 47

created by lipid, they can pass through cell membranes. They proceed to bind to a steroid, receptor protein, which then enters the nucleus of the cell. The hormones bind to DNA that control of gene expression, which intern sends messages to mRNA. The mRNA directs proteins synthesis in the cytoplasm, and can promote muscle growth through muscle building proteins. These hormones also help with metabolism, immune functions, inflammation, etc

Front 48

non steroid based hormones

Back 48

Unable to pass through the cell membrane, they bind to receptors on the surface of the membrane. This activates enzymes on the inside of the cell, which releases secondary messages. Common secondary messages, include cAMP, nucleotides, calcium ions, and fatty acids. They could activate or stop this