Ucf Ahangari Exam 3- Cardiovascular Phys A And B

Front 1

What are the 3 Function of the Circulatory system?

Back 1

1. Transportation --> Nutrients, Respiratory gases, metabolites

2. Regulation --> Hormones and temp

3. Protection --> Clotting and Immunity

Front 2

Blood volumes

Male: _______ Liters

Female: _______ Liters

Back 2

Males: 5-6 Liters

Females: 4-5 Liters

Front 3

What is Hematocrit?

Percents in

Males: ____

Females: _____

Back 3

Hematocrit --> percentage of blood volume that consists of RBCS

Males: 42-52%

Females: 37-4%

Front 4

What are the 3 main Plasma proteins?

Back 4

1. Albumin

2. Globulins

3. Fibrinogen

Front 5

Function of Albumin

Back 5

Produced by the liver to provide osmotic pressure needed to bring in water from surrounding tissues into the capillaries

Front 6

Function of Fibrinogen

Back 6

Important clotting factor made by the liver

Front 7

Tell me about Hemoglobin in Erythrocytes

Back 7

Also known as RBCs, contains 280 million Hemoglobin molecules --> each with 4 protein chains called globins --> each bound to a heme that combines with oxygen

Erythrocytes originate from the Bone marrow

Front 8

Production of RBCs

Back 8

Controlled by Hormones

Deficiency of Oxygen in the cells causes the kidneys to release erythropoietin which causes RBC production in Bone marrow

RBCs live for 120 days and are removed from the blood by the spleen to be degraded

Front 9

Types of Leukocytes

Back 9

1. Granular Leukocytes (BEN) --> Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils

2. Agranular Leukocytes --> Lymphocytes, and Monocytes

Front 10

What do each type of Leukocyte do?

Back 10

Basophils --> Release Histamine for inflammation

Eosinophils --> turn off allergic responses and kills Paracites

Neutrophils --> Phagocize Bacteria

Lymphocytes --> Create an immune response by direct cell attack (T cells) or with antibodies (B cells)

Monocytes --> Phagocytosis, become macrophages when it gets into tissue

Front 11

Lymphocytes

Back 11

-Compose 20-45% of WBC

-Most important cell of Immune system --> Fights infectious organisms --> act against foreign antigen

Front 12

What are the two main classes of Lymphocytes?

Back 12

-T cells --> Attack foreign cells directly

-B cells --> become plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Front 13

Monocytes

Back 13

-Compose of 4-8% of WBCs

-Largest Leukocytes

-Phagocytic with a kidney shaped nucleus

-Transform into Macrophages

Front 14

Platets

Back 14

-Also known as Thrombocytes

-Function is to Clot blood --> releases serotonin --> stimulates constriction of blood vessel to reduce blood flow to injured area

-Also secrete growth factors and autocrine regulators

Front 15

Hematopoiesis

Back 15

HP gives rise to blood cells from the yolk sac of human embryo --> migrate to liver of fetus --> stem cells then migrate to Bone Marrow

*Bone Marrow produces all of the different types of Blood cells*

Front 16

Erythropoieses

Back 16

The formation of Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Front 17

Leukopoiesis

Back 17

Formation of Leukocytes

Front 18

Erythropoiesis and Leukopoiesis occur in two classes of tissues after birth ....

Back 18

Myeloid --> Red bone marrow of long bones, Sternum, Pelvis, bodies of vertebrae --> Makes only T and B cells

Lymphoid --> Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus --> makes everything else!

Front 19

Stages of differentiation of Blood cells

Back 19

Front 20

Where do all blood cells originate from?

Back 20

All blood cells originate from the Bone Marrow!!!

All from the Blood Stem Cell

Lymphoid Stem cells --> develop to lymphocytes

Myeloid Stem Cells --> give rise to all other blood cells

Front 21

The production of RBCs and synthesis of Hb cepend on:

Back 21

Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid

Front 22

Disorders in the Genesis of erythrocytes

Back 22

-Iron deficiency anemia

-Pernicious anemia --> Vitamin B12 deficiency

-Aplastic anemia --> due to destruction of Bone Marrow by chemicals or radiation

Front 23

Formation of Leukocytes

Back 23

-Granulocytes --> from Myeloblasts

-Monocytes --> from Monoblasts

-Platelets --> from Megakaryoblasts

Front 24

Polycythemia

Back 24

Abnormal Excess of erythrocytes

Front 25

What is anemia? What are the 3 types?

Back 25

Anemia --> Erythocyte/Hemoglobin levels are low

Normocytic anemia --> Blood loss

Microcytic anemia --> Iron deficiency

Macrocytic anemia --> Vitamin B12 or Folate deficiency

Front 26

Sickle cell Disease

Back 26

-Inherited disease

-Defective Hb Molecule --> Hemoglobin S, Normally is Hemoglobin A

-Erythrocytes distort --> Sickle shape

Front 27

Leukemia? and types?

Back 27

-Cancer of the Blood cells

-Starts in BM --> makes lots of abnormal WBCs

-Acute, Chronic,

-Lymphoblastic --> Lymphocytes are affected --> high number of Mature Lymphocytes

-Myelogenous --> Myelocytes are affected --> High number of immature and mature Myelocytes

Front 28

Thrombopenia

Back 28

Abnormally low concentration of platelets

Front 29

Blood throughout life

Back 29

- First blood cells develop in earliest blood vessels

-Second month --> Liver and spleen take over flood cell formation

-Month 7 --> Bone marrow takes over formation

Front 30

Clinical signs and symptoms of Sickle cell Disease

Back 30

Anemia --> sickel cells are destroyed rapidly --> Low RBC levels

**Crisis --> Painful epidosdes for hours or days

-Jaundice, and pigment gallstones

-Fatigue, bone pain, Fever, rapid HR

Front 31

Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease

Back 31

-Supplements of Folic Acid

-Antibiotics and vaccines to prevent bacterial infections

Front 32

Symptoms of Leukemia

Back 32

Fever and Night sweats

Headache

Bleeding easily

Bone/joint pain

Weakness

Loss of weight

Swollen lymph nodes

Easily infected

Front 33

Treatment of leukemia

Back 33

1. Chemotherapy to kill Leukemia cells --> Anti-cancer drugs

2. Interferon Alpha therapy --> slows the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote immune systems anti-leukemia activity

3. Radiatioin therapy --> Kills cancer cells by high energy radiation

4. Stem cell transplantation --> to allow treatment of high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Front 34

Blood vessels have 3 layers (tunics):

Back 34

Tunica Externa --> connective tissue

Tunica Media --> sheets of smooth muscle

Tunica Intimida --> simple squamous epithelium

Lumen --> Space inside blood vessel

Front 35

3 types of Arteries:

Back 35

1. Elastic Arteries --> Largest arteries --> Aka conducting arteries

2. Muscular (distributing) Arteries

3. Arterioles --> smalles arteries --> highest resistance in CVS, regulated by ANS

*Arteries thick walls --> stress volume*

Front 36

Veins

Back 36

-Lower pressure than Arteries

-Tunica Externa is the thickest tunic

-veins in limbs have valves

-highest proportion of blood in CVS

-have Alpha 1 receptors

Front 37

Capillaries

Back 37

-Smalles blood vessels

-RBCs pass in single filej

-largest total cross-sectional and surface area

-Sinusoids --> Wide, leaky capillares in spleen and liver

-Low permeable capillareis --> Blood brain barrier --> only O2, CO2, and some anesthetics

Front 38

What ventricle has the largest and strongest chamber in the heart?

Back 38

Left Ventricle --> pumps to the entire body so it needs to be big

Front 39

Heart valves:

Back 39

"32"

Four of them:

-Tricuspid (RA/RV)

-Pulmonary (RV/Lungs)

-Bicuspid/Mitral (LA/LV)

-Aortic (LV/Body)

Front 40

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

Back 40

Carry oxygen from the Heart --> Body --> Heart again (Deoxygenatied)

Deoxygenatied blood from Heart --> Lung --> Heart

Front 41

Where are Alpha 1 and Beta 2 receptors found?

Back 41

Arterioles

Alpha 1 --> arterioles of the skin, splanchnic, and renal circulations

Beta 2 --> Arterioles of skeletal muscle

Front 42

Velocity of Blood flow formula

Back 42

V=Q/A

v=velocity (cm/sec)

Q-Blood flow (mL/min)

A= Cross-sectional area (cm2)

velocity is directly proportional --> blood flow

INdirectly proportional --> Cross sectional area

Front 43

Blood flow velocity at aorta and capillaries?

Back 43

Aorta --> High

Capillaries --> Low, due to high cross sectional area

Front 44

Blood flow formula

Back 44

Q=(Delta)P/R

Q=cardiac output (mL/min)

(Delta)P= Pressure difference (mmHg)

R=Resistance (mmHg/mL/min)

*Lower resistiance = higher blood flow

Front 45

Resistance equation (Poiseuille's)

Back 45

R= (8nL)/(pi r4)

R=Resistance

n=Viscosity of blood

L=Length of blood vessel

r4= radius of blood vessel to fourth power

Front 46

Capacitance (compliance) of blood vessels formula

Back 46

C=V/P

C=capacitance or compliance (mL/mmHg)

V=Volume (mL)

P=Pressure (mmHg)

*much greater in Veins than Arteries

*Decreases with age --> vessels become stiffer

Front 47

Average pressure in systemic circulation

Back 47

Aorta --> 100 mmHg

Arterioles --> 50 mmHg (biggest decrease --> since high resistance)

Capillaries --> 20 mmHg

Vena cava --> 4 mmHg

Front 48

What is Blood pressure?

What is Systolic and Diastolic pressure?

Back 48

Blood pressure --> force exerted by circulating blood on walls of blood vessels

Systolic --> Highest Arterial pressure --> measured after heart contracts (stress) and blood is ejected

Diastolic --> Lowest Arterial pressure --> measured when heart is relaxed and filling with blood

Front 49

What is pulse pressure?

Back 49

The difference between systolic and Diastolic Pressures

-Stroke volume is most determinant of Pulse Pressure

-As age increases --> Pulse Pressure Increases --> since Capacitance decreases (stiffening)

Front 50

Mean Arterial Pressure

Back 50

calculated as diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of Pulse pressure

Front 51

Veins

Back 51

-Venous pressure --> very low

-Have high capacitance --> can hold large volumes of blood

Front 52

Arteries

Back 52

-Arterial Pressure --> Slightly lower than venous ressure

Front 53

Primary or Essential Hypertension

Back 53

-Leads to increased total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) --> by inducing vasoconstriction or increased cardiac Output (CO) --> BP=CO x TPR (Resistance)

-Cause: Abnormal Na+ transport or deficiency of Vasodilators --> prostagladin and Bradykinin

Front 54

The sympathetic NS and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system can both increase ....

Back 54

Both increase CO and TPR --> causing Hypertension

Front 55

Secondary Hypertension caused by

Back 55

Conditions that affect your kidneys, Arteries, heart and Endocrine system

Can also occur during Pregnancy

Front 56

Symptoms of Secondary Hypertension

Back 56

usually Asymptomatic

Headache, fatigue, SOB, Nose bleeds, flushed face, Increased urination frequency, Nausea, Vomiting, Fatigue

Front 57

5 drugs to treat High Blood Pressure

Back 57

1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors --> Captopril, Ramipril

2. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) --> Valsartan

3. Diuretics --> Hydrochlorothiazide

4. Calcium channel blockers --> Felodipine, Benidipine

5. Beta-Adrenergic blocking agents --. Propranolol

Front 58

P wave Represents....

Back 58

-Artrial Depolarization --> SA node depolarizes

-Atrial repolarization --> QRS Complex

Front 59

PR Interval ....

Back 59

-Represents time between atrial Depolarization and Ventricular Depolarization

-Beginning of P to beginning of QRS complex

Front 60

IF P-R interval is >0.2 seconds, what does it indicate?

Back 60

AV Conduction block

Front 61

QRS complex represents....

Back 61

Ventricular depolarization

Front 62

If the QRS complex is prolonged, > 0.1 sec, there is a ....

Back 62

conduction impairment within the ventricles

-Bundle branch block

-Ventricular foci becomes the pacemaker of the ventricles --> its a abnormal pacemaker site

Front 63

Ectopic foci are....

Back 63

Abnormal pacemaker sites inside the heart --> but outside the SA Node

-Can result in --> increasing time of depolarization and QRS complex

Front 64

ST segment Represents....

Back 64

Represents period where the ventricles are completely depolarized

-ST segment Depression or Elevation --> Important in diagnosing Ventricular ischemia or Hypoxia

Front 65

T Wave represents....

Back 65

Represents Ventricular Repolarization --> longer in duration than depolarization

Front 66

If an inverted U wave, after a T wave, is inverted or prominent there may be....

Back 66

A condition that is afecting Repolarization

Front 67

QT Interval represents

Back 67

The time for BOTH Ventricular depolarization and Repolarization to occur --> Estimating the duration of an average ventricular action potential

Front 68

At high heart rates, ______ ______ _________ can shorten in duration, which ______ QT intervals

Back 68

At high heart rates, Ventricular Action Potentials can shorten in duration, which Decreases QT Intervals

Front 69

Prolonged QT intervals can diagnose...

Back 69

Tachyarrhythmias

Front 70

Cardiac Action potentials have a resting membrane potential of....

Back 70

(-)90mV

Front 71

Phase 0 of Ventricles, Atria and Purkinje system

Back 71

-Upstroke of an action potential --> caused by increase in Na+ into cell

Front 72

Phase 1of Ventricles, Atria and Purkinje system

Back 72

-Brief period of initial repolarization --> caused by movement of K+ ions out the cell

Front 73

Phase 2 of Ventricles, Atria, and Purkinje System

Back 73

-Flattening of Action potential --> Caused by Ca2+ into cell and K+ out of cell, becoming equal.

Front 74

Phase 3 of Ventricles, Atria, and Purkinje system

Back 74

Repolarization --> Caused by increasing K+ outwardly dominating that hyperpolarizes

Front 75

Phase 4 of Ventricles, Atria, and Purkinje system

Back 75

-Resting membrane potential --> caused by Inward and outward current being equal --> membrane potential = K, the equilibrium potential

Front 76

Sinoatrial Node

Back 76

Normally the pacemaker of the heart --> has an unstable resting potential

Front 77

Phase 0 of SA Node

Back 77

- upstroke of action potential --> caused by increase of Ca2+ conductance driving up the membrane potential

Front 78

Phase 3 of SA Node

Back 78

-Replarization --> caused by increasing K+ conductance --> K+ flows out of cell

Front 79

Phase 4 of SA Node

Back 79

-Slow Depolarization --> this makes the SA node automatic --> Caused by increasing Na+ into cell

Front 80

Are there Phase 1 and 2 in the SA Node?

Back 80

NO!!! they don't exist in SA node action potentials

Front 81

AV Node

Back 81

Upstroke of Action potential in AV node is caused by --> inward Ca2+ into cell

*Just like the SA Node*

Front 82

What is Conduction Velocity?

Back 82

-Time required for excitation to spread through cardiac tissue

Fastest --> Purkinje system

Slowest --> AV node --> to allow time for ventricles to fill up before contracting

if AV velocity is increased --> Ventricular filling is compromised

Front 83

Conduction velocity depends on...

Back 83

Depends on size of inward current during upstroke --> the larger the inward, the higher the conduction velocity

Front 84

Excitability is....

Back 84

The ability of cardiac cells to initiate action potentials in response to inward depolarization

Front 85

Absolute Refractory Period (ARP)

Back 85

-No action potential can be started, NONE AT ALL

Front 86

Effective Refractory Period (ERP)

Back 86

Conducted action potential can't be created

Front 87

Relative Refractory Period (RRP)

Back 87

Action potential can be made --> but needs big inward current

-Occurs at end of absolute refractory period until -70mV (replolarized)