Turf

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root system of monocots

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fibrous

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root system of dicots

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taproot

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3 conditions necessary for seed germination

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1. sufficient water

2. favorable temperature

3. oxygen

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4th condition sometimes necessary for seed germination

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light

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dormancy in seeds

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period in which a seed has no further growth or development

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primary dormancy (of seeds)

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freshly harvested seed may not germinate even under favorable conditions

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secondary dormancy (of seeds)

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seed is exposed to conditions unfavorable for germination

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two turfgrasses noted for good seedling vigor

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annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass

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4 primary functions of turfgrass roots

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1. water uptake

2. nutrient uptake

3. anchorage

4. hormone production

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importance of root tips

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all root growth arises from the root tip

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importance of root hairs

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root hairs increase the surface area of the root system, resulting in increased nutrient and water uptake

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as much as 80% of the turfgrass root system is located here

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in the upper 6-8 inches of soil.

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compensatory root growth

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if growth of one part of the root system is reduced or inhibited, other portions of the root system in more favorable conditions will show enhanced growth

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optimum soil temperature for cool-season turfgrass root growth

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50-65°F

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optimum soil temperature for warm-season turfgrass root growth

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75-85°F

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difference between tillers, rhizomes, and stolons

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tillers: grow vertically from the parent plant

rhizomes and stolons: grow horizontally from the crown or growing point of the parent plant

rhizomes: grow beneath the soil surface

stolons: grow along the soil surface

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number of feet in an acre

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1 acre = 43,560 ft²

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weight of one gallon of water

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8.3 pounds

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weight of one gallon of liquid fertilizer

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more than 8.3 pounds

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P on a fertilizer bag represents the amount of this

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Available phosphorus in the form of P2O5

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K on a fertilizer bag represents the amount of this

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Available potassium in the form of soluble K2O

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P content of P2O5

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P2O5 contains 44% P (molecular weight of P/molecular weight of P2O5)

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K content of K2O

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K2O contains 83% K (molecular weight of K/molecular weight of K2O)

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12% available P2O5 = how much P?

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5.3% available P (12% × 0.44 = 5.3%)

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12% soluble K2O = how much K?

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10% soluble K (12% × 0.83 = 10%)

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fertilizer application general formula

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number of ounces in 1 gallon

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128 fluid ounces

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liquid fertilizer general formula, step 1

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liquid fertilizer general formula, step 2

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tiller

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a stem produced by grass plants; refers to all shoots that grow after the initial parent shoot grows from a seed.

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tillering

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production of side shoots; enables grasses to produce multiple stems (tillers) starting from the initial single seedling.

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UAN

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UAN (Urea Ammonium Nitrate) is a quick
release nitrogen liquid that is a combination
of nitrate, ammoniacal and urea nitrogen.

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primary turf used on golf course putting greens in cool regions

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creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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cool-season turf with poor wear tolerance, but quick recovery

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creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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when mowed closely, this cool-season grass forms the best fine-textured, soft, extremely dense turf cover

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creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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vigorous stolons make this one of the fastest-spreading cool-season turfgrasses

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creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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cool-season grass that handles temperature extremes well

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creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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extremely high-maintenance turfgrass (close mowing, high disease susceptibility, high fertility and water requirements, tendency to thatch)

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creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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shade tolerance of creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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partial shade is tolerated; full sun is desireable

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soil requirements of creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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• fertile, moisture-holding soils

• pH of 5 to 6.5

• tolerates saline soil conditions

• dislikes compacted soil

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botanical name of creeping bentgrass

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Agrostis stolonifera

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origin of bentgrasses

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thought to be native of Western Europe

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production method of creeping bentgrass — Agrostis stolonifera

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may be established either vegetatively or by seed, but seed is slow

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fertilizer and water requirements of fine fescue — Festuca spp.

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low. high rates of nitrogen and frequent irrigation will significantly reduce turf quality

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wear tolerance of fine fescue — Festuca spp.

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poor

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shade tolerance of fine fescue — Festuca spp.

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good shade and winter tolerance

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origin of fine fescue — Festuca spp.

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Europe

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botanical name of Red fescue — Festuca rubra

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Festuca rubra

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production method of fine fescue — Festuca spp.

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established from seed, with fast germination and establishment

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disease and insect resistance of fine fescue — Festuca spp.

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development of endophyte-containing cultivars has improved insect and disease tolerance, and overall performance of fine fescues

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use of fine fescues

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rarely planted as monocultures; mixed with other cool-season grasses

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soil requirements of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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will tolerate infertile, saline, alkaline, wet, and dry soil conditions

prefers fertile, fine-textured soils, pH 5.5 to 6.5

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wear tolerance of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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good, but lack of lateral shoots limits its use on sports fields

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shade tolerance of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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fair

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temperature hardiness of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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poor low-temperature hardiness, but good heat tolerance

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origin of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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Europe

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botanical name of tall fescue

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Festuca arundinacea

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production method of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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established by sod and by seed, with a very good rate of establishment

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mowing height of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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2 inches or more

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pest resistance of tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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good to excellent disease and insect resistance, especially the endophyte-containing cultivars

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primary regions using Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis

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coastal regions of the Northeast and Northwest

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primary uses of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis

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golf course fairways or highly maintained lawns

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mowing height of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis

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0.4-inch to 1-inch; does not tolerate close mowing as well as creeping and velvet bentgrass

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growth habit of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis

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spreads by weak rhizomes and stolons

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disease resistance of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis

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very susceptible to fungal diseases

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heat and drought tolerance of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis

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not tolerant of heat or drought

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relative management needs of Colonial bentgrass — Agrostis tenuis

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lower management needs than creeping and velvet bentgrass

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mowing height of creeping bentgrass

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close mowing requirements; <0.25 to 0.75 inches

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botanical name of Colonial bentgrass

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Agrostis tenuis

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active turfgrasses are what percent water by weight?

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75-85%

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effects of proper irrigation on turf

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• fewer weeds & insect pests

• deep, healthy roots

• helps turf recover quickly

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effects of too much water on turf

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• excess drainage and leaching of nutrients

• waterlogged, anaerobic soils

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field capacity

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the percentage of water remaining in a soil 2 or 3 days after saturation. ideal irrigation frequency will keep the soil water in the upper 50% of field capacity

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how much water to apply when irrigating

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enough water to wet at least 1 inch below the root system

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warm-season turfgrass crop coefficient

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0.75

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cool-season turfgrass crop coefficient

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0.85

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distribution uniformity formula

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(average of the lowest 25% / average of the total amount collected) x 100