Treatment Of Psychological Disorders

Front 1

Goals of Treating Psychological Disorders

Back 1

- Help change maladaptive thoughts, feelings and behaviours

Front 2

Resources of Therapy

Back 2

- Psychologists

- Psychiatrists

- Psychological Associates

- Counsellors

- Social Workers

- Therapists

Front 3

Psychodynamic Therapies

Back 3

- Underlying Assumption

- Tensions between unconscious impulses and the current constraints of life

- Freud's Therapy

- Explore unconscious motivations and conflicts

- Conflicts between Id and Superego

- Goal: Creat harmony in the system

- How: Make you aware of Id

- Reduces compliance with superego

- Gives more Strength to Ego

Front 4

Free Association

Back 4

- Uncensored

- Verbal stream of thoughts, feelings or images that enter awareness

- Assumption - Free associations are predetermined not random

- Analyst tracks associations

Front 5

Resistance

Back 5

- Therapist expects client to try and maintain status quo

- Defensive Maneuvers

- Unwillingness or inability to approach or discuss certain topics Is a sign that anxiety - arousing material is bring approached

- Analyst tries to break down resistance

- Enables patient to face painful ideas desires and experiences

Front 6

Dream Interpretation

Back 6

- "Royal Road to the unconscious"

- Dreams are meaningful

- Manifest - visible, remembered

- Latent, hidden, actual motives distinguished

- Therapists helps client understand the symbolic meaning of their dreams

Front 7

Catharsis

Back 7

- Patient encouraged to explore intense and strong feelings

- feelings that they have repressed for fear of punishment/retaliation

- Release called catharsis

Front 8

Transference

Back 8

- Client responds irrationally to therapists like he/she was an important figure from the clients past

- Positive

- Feelings of affection, dependency, love

- Negative

- Irrational expressions of anger, hatred, disappointment

Front 9

Transference and the Analyst

Back 9

- Difficult task for the analyst

- Handle emotional experience

- delicate balance - power difference and vulnerability

- Have to help patient to interpret feelings and the source from earlier experiences (childhood)

Front 10

Interpersonal Therapy

Back 10

- Focuses almost exclusively on clients current relationships with important people in their lives

- Sees social relationships, acceptance and respect as critical

Front 11

Humanistic Therapies in General

Back 11

- Theory behind the therapy

- "whole" person is a continual process of change

- Despite limitations of genes and environment person has "freedom to choose"

- Conscious control of behaviour

- With choices comes responsibility/accountability

Front 12

What does a Psychotherapist do

Back 12

- Discover your freedom

- Value Experiencing yourself

- Value the richness of the moment

- Cultivate Individuality

- Realize full potential

Front 13

Gestalt Therapy

Back 13

- Goal: Bring feelings, wishes and thoughts into immediate awareness

- Awareness makes client "whole" again

- Key figure Frederick Perls

- Methods

-Often carried out in groups

- Active and dramatic approaches

- Empty chair technique

- Role - Play

Front 14

Client Centered Therapy

Back 14

- Goal: Promote healthy psychological growth in the individual

- Assumptions: All people have the potential to self actualize

- What goes wrong: Evaluations of others become more important than self evaluations

- When there is a conflict between positive self image and negative external criticism, this leads to anxiety and unhappiness

- Therapist removes barriers to allow client to achieve self actualization

- Unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuinely

Front 15

Cognitive Therapies

Back 15

- Goal: Change problem feeling and behaving by changing the way a client thinks about significant life experiences

- Assumptions: What people feel and do start with how people think

- Therapists identify irrational and self - defeating thought patterns

- Help clients discover and change Cognitions that underlie problems

Front 16

Ellis' Rational Emotional Therapy

Back 16

- Comprehensive system of change in behaviours actions and emotions

- People hold beliefs that cause problems to be seen or interpreted in the world

- Irrational thoughts lead to abnormal behaviour

- Therapists must help clients break through the person's close kindness and replace irrational thoughts

Front 17

Behavioural Therapies

Back 17

- Maladaptive behaviours are the problem not the symptom

- Problem behaviors are learned

- Maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned through classical or operant conditioning

Front 18

Aversion Therapy

Back 18

- Condition an aversion to a CS

- CS paired with noxious UCS

- Creat anxiety/ aversive response

Front 19

Token Economies

Back 19

- Strengthen desired behaviours

- Tokens given for desired behaviours

- Tokens exchanged for tangible reinforcers

Front 20

Modelling and social skills training

Back 20

- Modelling approach

- Learning Skills by observing and imitating model who performs a socially skillful behaviour

Front 21

Meditation

Back 21

- Control conscious experience

- Move from outer experience to inner

- Deep relaxation

- Most common involves deep concentration focal point - clear mind

- Physiological and Psychological effects

Front 22

Biological Approaches

Back 22

- Emphasize Biological Factors

- Drugs, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Psychosurgery

- Drug therapies

- Psychopharmacology

- Study how drugs affect cognitions

Front 23

Drug Groups for major Disorders

Back 23

- Antidepressant

- Antipsychotic

- Antianxiety

- Mood stabilizers

Front 24

How do Drugs Achieve Their Goal

Back 24

- Target neurotransmitters

- They affect wether

- Neurotransmitters are available

- Available neurotransmitters will cross synaptic clef

- Reuptake can occur

Front 25

Tricyclics

Back 25

- Goal: Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin

- Method: Minimize Reuptake

Front 26

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Back 26

- Goal: Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin

- Method: inhibits breakdown, increase availability

Front 27

SSRI

Back 27

- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

- Goal and method: Block the reuptake of serotonin

- Mild side effects

- More rapid

Front 28

Antidepressants: Side effects

Back 28

- Tricyclics and MOI - have more side effects

- Sleep, blood pressure/ heart rate, dry mouth, memory, constipation

- SSRI has less (Insomnia, Nausea, Sexual Dysfunction)

Front 29

Anti Anxiety Drugs

Back 29

- Different drugs address different anxieties

- Tranquilizers

- Fast acting, short lived

- Side effects (dependence)

Front 30

Drug Treatments

Back 30

- Do not "cure" disorders

- Do not teach client problem solving skills or coping skills to deal with stress

- Can bring symptoms under control and other therapeutic techniques can be incorporated

- Many fail to maintain drug regimen

Front 31

Psychological and Biological Treatment Similarities

Back 31

- Both treatments affect brain functioning

- PET scans

- Both psychotherapy and Drug Therapy showed similar changes in blood flow for 3 brain areas

Front 32

Electroconvulsive Therapies

Back 32

- Schizophrenia and Epilepsy rarely occur together

- Seizure induction - helps schizophrenia

- Useful in treating severe, persistent depression

- If risk of suicide

- Effects can be immediate

- 60-70% prone

- Procedure: Patient given sedative and muscle relaxant, placed on well padded mattress, short shock, causing seizure of CNS

Front 33

Criticisms of ECT

Back 33

- Possibility of memory loss

- Possibility of permanent brain damage

- Currently #of treatment is limited

- MRI scans reveal no brain damage

Front 34

Psychosurgery

Back 34

- Method of last resort

- Procedures that remove or destroy parts of the brain

- Least used of biomedical procedures

- Permanent

Front 35

Lobotomy (Prefrontal/Frontal)

Back 35

- Destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes

- When? - Severe agitation, violence, dangerous

- Outcome - placid action reduced, intelligent