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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are main effects of low molecular weight toxins (venoms and poisons).
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Mediators of allergy, inflammation and pain.
Hypotension and/or bronchoconstriction |
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What are the 3 examples of peptide venoms and poisons?
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Neurotoxins
Anticoagulants antigens |
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What do hyaluronidase do?
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Degrades hyaluronic acid, allows spread into interstitial compartments
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What do phospholipases do?
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Degrade membrane lipids causing cell damage and increase arachidonic acid
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What do thrombin-like enzyme, collagenases, and proteases do?
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Thrombin-like: affect blood clotting
Collagenase: disrupts capillary walls allowing RBC, protein and water to leak Proteases: degrade proteins, causing necrosis |
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What are the signs of hymenoptera (bees, wasps and fire ants) envenomation? What type of venom?
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LMW:
Anaphylaxis Systemic toxicity: can cause histamine shock Hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis Hepatic and renal dysfunction |
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What is the treatment for hymenoptera envenomation?
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Antihistamines
Glucocorticoids Sympathomimetics |
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What are some clinical signs of tick envenomation?
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Ataxia, limb weakness, difficulty swallowing, generalized paralysis
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What is the mechanism of tick envenomation?
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Presynaptic toxicity: decreased Ach release at NMJ
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What type of toxin do black widows have?
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Alpha-lactrotoxin: a potent neurotoxin.
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What are the symptoms of black widow bite?
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Muscle cramping, abdominal rigidity, restlessness, writhing, hypertension, tachycardia, salivation, severe pain, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory collapse
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How do you treat black widow bite?
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Benzodiazepines, opioids and calcium
Supportive care, monitoring, slow antivenom if available (specially for cats) |
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What is the main compound in brown recluse's venom? What does this cause?
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Sphingomyelinase D: skin necrosis, intravascular hemolysis and platelet aggregation
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What are the symptoms of brown recluse bite?
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Local pain followed by pruritis and soreness. Bulls eye classic lesion with a dark central spot. 2-5 weeks later the lesion sloughs off leaving a deep, non-healing ulcer. Hemolytic anemia, fever, weakness, and leukocytosis possible.
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How do you treat brown recluse bite?
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Symptomatic: fluids and bicarbonate to reduce precipitation of hemoglobin in kidneys, anti-inflammatories to minimize inflammatory damage. Surgical removal of affected area for chronic lesions is debatable.
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Comment on recovery and prognosis of brown recluse bite?
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Recovery is slow, prognosis may be grave
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What are the 2 worst toads to be eaten by the dog?
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Bufo marinus and B. alvarius
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What are the clinical signs and symptoms of toad toxicity?
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Alter blood pressure and cause hallucinations. Bufogenins affects smooth and cardiac muscle
Foaming at the mouth, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension |
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What type of venoms do coral snakes have? What clinical signs does this cause?
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Neurotoxic:
Salivation, dysphagia, dyspnea, hyporeflexive spinal reflexes, paralysis |
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What type of venom do pit vipers have?
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Proteolytic and anticoagulant
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What are the symptoms of pit viper bites?
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Hypotension, shock, anticoagulation are the most serious clinical problems.
Ecchymosis/petechiation of tissues and mm. Tachycardia, shallow respiration, nausea and excessive salivation |
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Do you use steroids or NSAIDs to treat pit viper shock?
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Corticosteroids.
NSAIDs have anticoagulative properties: not indicated. |
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What are the symptoms of garbage and carrion toxicity?
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Lethargy, fever followed by hypothermia, diarrhea, abdominal pain and distension, semi-consciousness, shock, foul smelling feces
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What are 3 bacteria that commonly cause enterotoxemia?
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Salmonella
E. coli Clostridium perfringens |
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What are the symptoms of enterotoxins?
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Vomiting, diarrhea, anterior abdominal pain, gut stasis with gas accumulation, distension and pain.
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What are the symptoms of botulism?
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Decreased tongue and tail tone, anorexia, weakness, dropping food from mouth.
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What is the treatment of botulism?
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Time, sometimes antitoxin, nutritional and respiratory support. Can use physostigmine to inhibit AChE to prolong effects of Ach that is available.
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What are the symptoms of tetanus?
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Stiffness, eventually complete tetany.
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How do you treat tetanus?
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Vaccine for prevention
Treat with anticonvulsants. May need to treat for days, antitoxin may neutralize unbound toxin. Penicillin G kills clostridia |
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Who is the most common species affected by chronic copper toxicity?
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Sheep
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What systems are affected with chronic copper toxicosis?
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Hepatic, RBCs, Renal
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Comment on onset of chronic copper toxicosis.
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Weeks-months,
Sporadic epidemiological curve |
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Which pennies have zinc instead of copper?
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Cu free since 1983
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What are the systems affected by acute zinc toxicosis in dogs?
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GI, RBC, hepatic, Renal
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What are the systems affected by chronic zinc toxicosis in cattle?
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GI, RBC, hepatic, renal, bone
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What are the important liver toxicants?
In meds Cleaners Metals Bacteria |
Acetaminophen
Pine oil, phenol disinfectant Cu, Zn, Fe Endotoxins from garbage |
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What are the most important hemolytic toxins?
Drugs, Metals Cleaners Food |
Acetaminophen
Cu, Zn Anionic surfactants Onions, garlic, red maple in horses |
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What is a somewhat unique lesion caused by zinc toxicosis?
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Pancreatic acinar cell necrosis.
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What type of fungi are ionophore sources?
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Streptomyces
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List animals that are susceptible to monesin from most to least
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Horse
Sheep Swine Cattle Chicken |
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What are the important components of ionophores mechanism?
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Free radicals and lipid peroxidation:
Increased net influx of Ca, excess uptake of Ca by mitochondria and mitochondrial damage Cardiac and skeletal muscle necrosis. |
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What are the systems in ionophore toxicosis of horses and ruminants?
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Cardiac
Skeletal muscle GI |
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What are the systems affected by ionophore toxicosis in dogs/cats
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Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle |
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What are the feeds mostly associated with cantharidin toxicosis? What is cantharidin?
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Blister beetle
Most cases associated with 3rd cutting alfalfa that is shipped from SW US Also from other legumes: crimped hay more likely to kill beetles and still be present. |
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What systems do cantharidin affect?
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GI
Renal Cardiac |
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What are the distinguishing clinical signs of cantharidin?
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Pollakiuria
Synchronous (hiccups) diaphragmatic flutter |
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What are the systems affected with gossypol toxicosis?
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Cardiac
Hepatic Reproduction |
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What are the distinguishing clinical signs of gossypol
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Tachypnea: thumps
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What systems are affected with Na toxicosis in cattle? What are 2 distinguishing clinical signs?
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CNS, GI syndrome
Blindness Rear leg knuckling |
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What systems are affected with Na toxicosis in swine? What are some distinguishing clinical signs?
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CNS syndrome:
Blindness Star gazing Jaw champing Eosinophil cuffing in brain |
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What are the systems affected in Na toxicosis in poultry?
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CV syndrome
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What systems are affected with sodium toxicosis in dogs?
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CNS
GI syndrome |
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What type of mold usually causes storage problems?
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Penicillium molds
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Who produces aflatoxin?
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Aspergillus flavus
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What is the most important trichothecene and who makes it? What other toxin does this fungus make?
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Vomitoxin by fusarium graminearum
Also makes zearalenone |
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Aflatoxin: what are the feed and conditions, species susceptible? And target systems?
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Corn in drought
Species: poultry, swine, dairy Target systems: liver, ADR, dairy residue |
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Vomitoxin: what are the feeds associated, species susceptible and target organs?
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Corn and small grain in wet conditions
Species susceptible: swine, dairy, cattle Target systems: GI: feed refusal |
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Zearalenone: what are the feeds associated, species susceptible, target organs?
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Corn: Zea
Species: mainly swine Reproductive problems: estrogen related |
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What is the primary hay mycotoxin of concern?
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Slaframine by rhizoctonia leguminicola
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What's the onset time for slaframine? Course?
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Onset: 1 hr
Course: 1-3 days |
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What are the distinguishing clinical signs of fumonisin in horses?
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Bizarre maniacal behavior: horse bonkers
Blindness Yawning |
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How do you treat fumonisin toxicity?
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No effective treatment: remove corn from diet
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What are the tremorgen containing fungi that are in the top 5 canine toxicants?
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Penitrem A and roquefortine
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Slaframine: feeds, species and target organs.
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Clovers
Horses, goats GI-saliva:salivation and SLUD |
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Fumonisin: feed, species, target possible
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Corn
Horses, and swine CNS, liver: yawning, pulmonary: porcine, heart |
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Penitrem A: feeds, species, target organs
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Dairy, walnuts
Dogs, cats CNS |
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Roquefortine: feeds, species, target organs
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Decay organic material
Dogs CNS |
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What is unique about ELEM/fumonisin toxicosis?
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Low morbidity and high case mortality
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What system does marijuana target and what are the 2 important clinical signs?
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CNS: depression
Stupor Glazed eyes: mydriasis |
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What is the target organ of Calcium oxalate?
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GI
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What are the target organs of grapes and raisins?
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GI
Renal |
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What is the target organ for bulb toxicosis?
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GI
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What are the target systems of Christmas tree?
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CNS
Hepatic GI Renal |
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What are the target organs for lily ?
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biphasic
GI Renal |
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What are the most likely weeds known to accumulate nitrate?
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Pigweed
Johnson grass |
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What are the crops that accumulate nitrates starting with the worst.
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Sorghum
Sudan Corn |
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What is the biggest factor that affects the nitrite content of plants.
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Drought conditions
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What is a distinguishing clinical sign of nitrate toxicosis.
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Methemoglobin blood: chocolate brown
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What is the target system with chronic nitrate toxicosis?
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Reproductive: rare
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How do you treat nitrate toxicosis?
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Reducing agent: methylene blue or ascorbic acid
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What is the most likely toxin in fescue toxicity?
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Ergovaline
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What are the 4 different syndromes of fescue toxicosis in large animals?
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Summer slump: ADR, neuroendocrine
Fescue foot syndrome in cattle: blood vessels Fat necrosis syndrome: abdominal fat Reproduction dysfunction syndrome of mares: reproduction |
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What is a drug that can be used for mares past foaling date with fescue toxicity?
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Domperidone.
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What does claviceps purpurea produce? What are the most common examples?
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Ergot peptide alkaloids:
Ergotamine Ergosine |
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What are the most important claviceps paspali toxins?
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Paspalanine
Paspalitrems |
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What are the different systems targeted by ergot? What species? What syndrome?
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Acute nervous ergotism of cattle and horses: CNS
Chronic gangrenous ergotism of cattle et al.: blood vessels Ergotism of swine in late gestation: reproductive Dallis Grass Staggers in cattle et al.: CNS |
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What are the target systems affected with yew toxicity?
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Heart
CNS in dogs. |
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What's the most likely source of lead for small animals?
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Old paint: pre1960: chips and dust
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How is lead excreted? What is important when chelation occurs?
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Feces is major route
Urinary route is important when chelated |
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What are the 2 major systems affected by lead?
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GIT
CNS |
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What is the mechanism of action of lead?
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Binds to SH groups: key metabolic enzymes.
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How do you diagnose lead poisoning in PM?
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Renal-tubular epithelial cells: AF intranuclear inclusion bodies
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What is the most important CNS syndrome of lead poisoning in cattle?
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Blindness
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What's the specific lead poisoning treatment for small animals?
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CaNa2-EDTA: purchased from chemical co.
Also DMSA: brand name SUCCIMER |
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How does EDTA treat lead poisoning?
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Chelates extracellular Pb: mostly from bone, redistribution from soft tissue to bone.
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What is the drug most useful in lead poisoning of cattle?
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Thiamin: B1
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What's the difference between acute lead poisoning and chronic lead poisoning clinical signs?
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Acute: GI signs
Chronic: CNS signs |
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How do you definitively diagnose lead poisoning?
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10 ppm in liver or kidney
0.3 ppm in whole blood. |
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What's the mechanism of action of inorganic arsenic?
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Combines with SH groups of key metabolic enzymes: lipoic acid
Shut down of cellular respiration |
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What are the systems affected by arsenic?
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GI and vascular
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What are the distinguishing clinical signs for acute/peracute arsenic poisoning?
How about subacute/lesser dose poisoning? |
Intense abdominal pain
Severely hyperemic gut: brick red Subacute: brick red gut also |
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Comment on chronic arsenic poisoning:
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Does not exist in animals
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Comment on lesions of inorganic arsenic toxicity.
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Hyperemic gut: brick red
Atonic gut with mucosal edema |
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Are cathartics usually recommended with inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
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No
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What is the treatment for inorganic arsenic?
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Antidotal therapy: BAL, DMSA: much safer.
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How is the prognosis for inorganic arsenic?
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Guarded to poor,
Treatment often unrewarding; high percentage go on to die |
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What do we know about mechanism of action of organic arsenicals?
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Demyelination and axonal damage
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What's the genus name for tobacco?
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Nicotiana
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What's the toxic principle of tobacco? What's the teratogen called for large animals?
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Nicotine
Anabasine |
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What systems are affected in tobacco toxicosis?
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CNS and CV
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What's mistletoe's genus name?
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Phoradendron
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What is the GI irritatant with mistletoe toxicosis?
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Phoratoxin
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What system is targeted with mistletoe toxicosis?
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GI
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What's the toxic principle of poinsettia?
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Euphorbin
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What is the target system of poinsettia?
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GI: oral mucosa in younger animals, emesis, nausea and diarrhea in everybody.
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What is American Holly's genus name?
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Ilex
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What's the most important toxic principle of holly?
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Glucosidic saponins
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What's the mechanism of action of holly toxicosis?
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GI irritant
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What's the most important source of cyclopeptides?
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Amanita phalloides
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What are two toxins produced by Amanita?
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Amanitins and phalloidins
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What is the target organs of cyclopeptides?
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GI
Liver Kidney |
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Comment on cyclopeptide clinical signs
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Latent period: 6-12 hours
Early: GI: vomiting/diarrhea/cramps GI improves 2-3 days 3-5 days: severe liver and kidney failure |
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What are the 3 groups of muscarinic mushrooms.
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Amanita muscaria: fly mushroom
Inocybe spp Clitocybe spp |
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What is the toxin in inocybes and clitocybes?
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Muscarine: acts like ACh
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What are the clinical signs of muscarinic mushroom toxicity?
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Fast onset
SLUD Constricted pupils, Bradycardia Abdominal pain |
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What's a specific treatment for muscarinic mushroom toxicosis and why do you use it?
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Atropine: decrease secretions in respiratory tract
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What are the sources of isoxazoles?
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Amanita pantherina
Amanita muscaria: fly mushroom |
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What are two isoxazoles?
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Ibotenic acid
Muscimol |
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What are clinical signs of isoxazole toxicosis?
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Chewing movements,
Miosis Opisthotonus, seizures, paddling Respiratory depression, coma |
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How do you treat isoxazole toxicosis?
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Diazepam or barbiturates +/- ventilation
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What is the source of psilocybin and psilosin?
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Psilocybe sp.: hallucinogenic, sacred
Paneolus spp.: hallucinogenic: sacred |
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What is the toxic principle of psilocybe and paneolus and what receptors?
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Psilocybin metabolized to psilosin: acts on 5-HT2 receptors. Similar to LSD
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What are the 3 cardiac glycoside sources?
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Digitalis purpurea: purple foxglove
Convallaria majalis: lily of the valley Nerium oleander: oleander |
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What systems are targeted by cardiac glycosides?
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CV
GI |
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What are the treatments for cardiac glycoside toxicosis?
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Monitor serum K+
Lidocaine or phenytoin for arrhythmias Fluids and electrolytes Digibind for severe cases |
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What is the genus name for buckeye and what are the 2 plants?
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Aesculus:
Yellow buckeye Horse chestnut |
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What is the toxic chemical of buckeye?
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Triterpenoid saponins
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What are the systems affected by buckeye toxicosis?
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CNS
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What is the distinguishing clinical sign of buckeye toxicosis?
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Goose stepping
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What is the genus of the oak plant?
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Quercus
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What season is oak toxicity most common in? why?
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Fall:
Animals eat the acorns Spring: if buds or leaves are heavily ingested Summer: if it is used following a drought |
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What species is affected by oaks primarily?
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Cattle
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What is the toxic principle of oaks?
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Tannin or its metabolites
Gallic acid: polyhydroxyphenol compound |
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What are the target systems of oak poisoning? What is onset time?
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GI
Renal 3-14 days |
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What are the major clinical signs of oak poisoning?
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Interstitial and pre-renal edema: ventral edema
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What is the genus name for red maple and what plants?
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Acer:
Red maple and sugar maples |
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What color red maple leaf colors are toxic? What seasons?
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Green and red: summer or fall
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What is the toxic compounds in red maple?
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Gallic acid
Pyrogallol |
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What are the target systems for red maple?
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RBCs
Hepatic Renal |
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What is the genus name for black walnut?
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Juglans
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How much walnut shavings is needed to cause problems?
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Less than 5%.
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Are old walnut shavings any safer than fresh?
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Yes. After about a month they start losing their toxicity.
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What are target systems for black walnut toxicosis?
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Dermal
Vascular Skeletal |
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Who is most affected by black walnut and how long is onset time?
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Horses only
12-24 hours |
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How do you treat walnut toxicosis?
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Treat laminitis aggressively
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What are the cyanogenic plants? (5)
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Wild and choke cherry
Sudan and Johnson grass Flax Sugar beet tops Arrow grass |
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What is the most common cause of CN problems in this area?
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Prunus: course shrub or small tree
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What is the level at which cyanogenic plants are dangerous?
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200 ppm or greater
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What is the term for the mechanism of action of CN?
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Histotoxic anoxia
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What are the target systems of CN?
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Respiratory
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What is the major clinical signs of CN?
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Severe dyspnea
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What is the treatment for CN toxicosis?
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Sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate IV
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What is the effect of thiosulfate in CN toxicosis treatment?
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It assists liver enzyme rhodanese to form nontoxic SCN
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What are the genera of plants that cause primary photosensitivity? What are the common names?
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Hypericum: St. Johnswort, Klamath weed, goat weed
Fagopyrum: buckwheat Medicago: alfalfa Trifolium: clovers |
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What are the 2 plants that can cause secondary photosensitivity?
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Lantana
Horse brush |
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What are the pigments in St. Johnswort and Buckwheat that cause primary photosensitization?
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Hypericin and fagopyrin
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What is the rumen metabolite of chlorophyll and what does it do?
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Phylloerthrin:
Secondary or hepatogenic photosensitivity |
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What are the toxins in horse brush and lantana that cause hepatogenic photosensitivity?
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Lantadene A
Tetradymol |
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What are the systems affected by photosensitization?
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Integument +/- hepatic
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What are the 4 genera and common names for resin plants?
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Kalmia: mountain laurel, sheep laurel
Rhododendron: rhododendron Azalea: azalea Cicuta: water hemlock |
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What is the toxic compound in resin plants?
|
Grayanotoxins (andromedotoxins)
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What is the mechanism of action of resin toxicity?
|
Bind to and modify Na Channels:
Allows Ca entry into cells and causes inotropic effect |
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What are the systems targeted by resin plants?
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Heart
CNS GI |
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What are the distinguishing features of water hemlock?
|
Leaves have veins that end in the notches of the serrations
Roots are in a cluster and tuberous Lower 2-3 inches of stem is multi-chambered |
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How much water hemlock can kill an adult cattle or horse?
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1 tuber: about 8 oz.
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What are the toxins in water hemlock? where are they most concentrated? which is most toxic?
|
Cicutoxin: highest concentration in roots
Cicutol: less toxic |
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What is the target organ of water hemlock? What does it show up as?
|
CNS:
Powerful CNS convulsant |
