Thorax

Front 1

Region between Neck & Abdomen

Back 1

Bony Thorax

Front 2

Components of Bony Thorax

Back 2

-Thoracic Vertebrae

-Ribs

-Cartilage

-Sternum

Front 3

Functions of Bony Thorax

Back 3

-Protects organs

-Aids in respiration

-Attachment for muscles

Front 4

Elongated, flat bone in anterior midline

Back 4

Sternum

Front 5

Most inferior portion of sternum

Back 5

xiphoid process

Front 6

Xiphoid process, referred to as _______ in youth, ossifies and fuses w/ sternum by age ______.

Back 6

-Hyaline Cartilage

-Age 40

Front 7

Forms posterior and lateral borders of thoracic cage

Back 7

Ribs --> 12 pairs

Front 8

Vertebrosternal Ribs

Back 8

-True Ribs

-Ribs 1-7

Articulate directly w/ Sternum

Front 9

Vertebrochondral Ribs

Back 9

-False Ribs

-Ribs 8-10

-Attaches to cartilage of preceding rib rather than sternum

Front 10

Vertebral Ribs

Back 10

-False Ribs/ Floating Ribs

-Ribs 11-12

-No anterior attachment

Front 11

Space between adjacent ribs

Back 11

Intercostal Space

Front 12

Cartilage anteriorly located between ribs 1-10 and sternum

Back 12

Costal Cartilage

Front 13

Site of gaseous exchange between blood and respiratory air

Back 13

Lungs

Front 14

Lungs have a _______ shape

Back 14

Conical

Front 15

Lung Apex Location

Back 15

Slightly above 1st rib

Front 16

Concave shaped base of Lung, on diaphragm

Back 16

Dome

Front 17

Hilum

Back 17

-Root of lung

-Opening of medial surface

Front 18

Hilum is the passageway that allows ____, ____, ____, ____ to enter each lung.

Back 18

-Primary bronchi

-Blood vessels

-Lymph vessels

-Nerves

Front 19

Right lung --> divided into 3 lobes

Back 19

1) Inferior

2 )Middle

3) Superior

Front 20

Left lung --> divided into 2 lobes

Back 20

1) Inferior

2) Superior

Front 21

Tongue-like projection of lung tissue off

inferior/anterior surface of (left) superior lobe

Back 21

Lingula

Front 22

Large notch on medial surface of (left) superior lobe for heart

Back 22

Cardiac Notch

Front 23

Pleura

Back 23

Serous membrane lining the pleural cavity

Front 24

Parietal Pleura

Back 24

-Outer Layer

-Continuous w/ thoracic walls and diaphragm

-Secretes small amount of lubricating fluid

Front 25

Visceral Pleura

Back 25

- Inner Layer

- Attached to surface of lung

- Secretes small amount of lubricating fluid

Front 26

________ enters each lung at the hilum

Back 26

Primary Bronchi

Front 27

Terminal bifurcation of trachea @ level T5

Back 27

Carina

Front 28

Right pulmonary bronchus

Back 28

- Wider

- Shorter

- More vertical than left

Front 29

Left pulmonary bronchus

Back 29

- Narrow

- Longer

- More horizontal than right

Front 30

Secondary bronchi

Back 30

- AKA : Lobar

- One secondary bronchus to each lobe of lung

Front 31

Tertiary bronchi

Back 31

- AKA : Segmental

- Further divides, extending into each segment of a lobe (bronchopulmonary segments)

Front 32

Bronchopulmonary Segments

Back 32

- 10 per lung

- Segments function independently

Front 33

Mediastinum

Back 33

- Midline of thoracic cavity, between lungs

Front 34

Structures in Mediastinum

Back 34

- Thymus Gland

- Trachea

- Esophagus

- Lymph Nodes

- Thoracic Duct

- Heart

- Great Vessels

- Nerves

Front 35

Superior mediastinum

Back 35

- Upper portion

- Contains thymus

Front 36

3 parts of inferior mediastinum

Back 36

1) Anterior

2) Middle

3) Posterior

Front 37

Anterior inferior mediastinum

Back 37

Anterior to pericardial sac, posterior to sternum

Front 38

Middle inferior mediastinum

Back 38

Contains pericardial sac, heart and roots of great vessels

Front 39

Posterior inferior mediastinum

Back 39

Posterior to pericardial sac

Front 40

Thymus Gland

Back 40

- Endocrine Gland

- Reaches max size by puberty, decreases in adults

- Triangular, bi-lobed gland of lymph

- Responsible for cellular immunity

Front 41

Hormone produced in thymus that matures and develops lymphocytes

Back 41

Thymosin

Front 42

Trachea

Back 42

- Passes through mediastinum, anterior to esophagus

- Round until it bifurcates @ carina

Front 43

Esophagus

Back 43

- Through mediastinum, posterior to trachea

- Oval shaped

Front 44

The esophagus descends through the

diaphragm at the ______________

Back 44

Esophageal Hiatus

Front 45

The esophagus enters the stomach at the ____________

Back 45

Gastroesophageal junction

Front 46

Lymph nodes cluster at the :

Back 46

- Great Vessels

- Esophagus

- Bronchi

- Carina

Front 47

Lymph nodes are classified by ___________

Back 47

Location

Front 48

Lymphatic vessels drain ___________ away from cells to venous circulation.

Back 48

Interstitial fluid

Front 49

Lymph capillaries accompany _______ & _______

Back 49

Arteries & Veins

Front 50

Lymph vessels drain into _________________

Back 50

Terminal collecting ducts

Front 51

Main vessel of the lymphatic system

Back 51

Thoracic Duct

Front 52

Thoracic duct drains into the _____________

Back 52

Left subclavian vein

Front 53

Thoracic duct drains lymph from __________

Back 53

Below the diaphragm, and left side of the

diaphragm

Front 54

Right Lymphatic duct

Back 54

- Smaller than the thoracic duct

- Empties into right subclavian vein

Front 55

Most inferior part of the thoracic duct

Back 55

Cisterna Chyli

Front 56

The heart lies ________ with 1/3 of the heart to the right of the midline and 2/3 to the left of the midline.

Back 56

Obliquely

Front 57

The base of the heart is primarily comprised of the ___________.

Back 57

Left atrium

Front 58

Apex of the heart is primarily comprised of the ____________; located at the _____ intercostal space.

Back 58

Left Ventricle ; 5th intercostal space

Front 59

Pericardial sac encloses the _____________ and surrounds the _________ entering and exiting the heart.

Back 59

Heart ; Great Vessels

Front 60

Fibrous pericardium attached to :

Back 60

Central tendon of diaphragm

Front 61

2 membranes of serous pericardium

Back 61

1) Parietal layer

2) Visceral layer

Front 62

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

Back 62

lines surface of fibrous pericardium

Front 63

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

Back 63

covers outer surface of heart and roots of great vessels (AKA : epicardium)

Front 64

Pericardial Cavity

Back 64

- potential space between parietal and visceral layers

- contains serous fluid

Front 65

Pericardial Fat

Back 65

located between pericardium and heart wall

Front 66

Epicardium

Back 66

thin, outer layer in contact with pericardium

Front 67

Myocardium

Back 67

thick, middle cardiac muscle layer

Front 68

Endocarium

Back 68

thin, endothelial lining, lines valves and inner lining of vessels

Front 69

3 layers of Heart Wall

Back 69

1) Epicardium - Outer

2) Myocardium - Middle

3) Endocardium - Inner

Front 70

Foramen Ovale

Back 70

opening in IAS (interartial septum) during fetal development allowing blood to flow between right & left atria

Front 71

Fossa Ovalis

Back 71

depression in IAS in adult at site closed foramen ovale

Front 72

Right Atrium receives ____ oxygen, ______ carbon dioxide blood from body.

Back 72

Low oxygen ; High carbon dioxide

Front 73

Right Atrium receives blood from :

Back 73

- Inferior Vena Cava

- Superior Vena Cava

- Coronary Sinus

- Cardiac veins of myocardium

Front 74

Right Auricle

Back 74

- In right atrium

- muscular, embryonic appendage projecting

upwards, covers root of aorta.

Front 75

Right Ventricle

Back 75

- Largest portion of anterior surface of heart

- Receives low oxygen blood from RA

- Pumps into Pulmonary Artery to lungs

Front 76

Papillary muscles

Back 76

- In RV

- muscular projections off inner surface of ventricle walls the anchor and attach to the tricuspid valve

Front 77

Left Atrium

Back 77

- Most posterior chamber

- Receives highly oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins

Front 78

Left Auricle

Back 78

- In LA

- muscular embryonic appendage projecting over superior surface of heart

Front 79

Left Ventricle

Back 79

- Forms Apex of heart

- Most inferior

- Receives high oxygen blood from LA

- Pumps blood into aorta

- Strongest chamber

Front 80

Myocardium of LV is ___ times thicker than RV.

Back 80

3 times

Front 81

Atrioventricular Valves

Back 81

- Valves between atria & ventricle

Front 82

Tricuspid Valve

Back 82

- 3 leaflets

- right AV valve

Front 83

Mitral Valve

Back 83

- 2 leaflets

- left AV valve

- AKA: bicuspid valve

Front 84

Semilunar Valves

Back 84

- Valves between ventricles & great vessels

- 3 cusps

Front 85

Pulmonary Semilunar valve

Back 85

RV to pulmonary artery

Front 86

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Back 86

LV to ascending aorta

Front 87

Thoracic Aorta

Back 87

Superior to diaphragm

Front 88

Abdominal Aorta

Back 88

Inferior to diaphragm until it bifurcates

Front 89

Abdominal Aorta bifurcates into ____________

Back 89

Common Ililac Arteries

Front 90

Pulmonary Artery

Back 90

- Begins at pulmonary valve

- Anterior to aorta

- Bifurcates into R&L pulmonary arteries

Front 91

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Back 91

- Remnant of the Ductus Arteriosus

- Fibrous cord that attaches the pulmonary

artery to aorta

Front 92

Pulmonary Veins

Back 92

- 2 from each lung

- Empty into the LA

Front 93

Superior Vena Cava

Back 93

- Formed by junction of R&L brachiocephalic veins

- Drains blood from head, thorax, and upper

extremities

- Empties into RA

Front 94

Inferior Vena Cava

Back 94

- Formed by junction of R&L common iliac veins

- Ascends through abdomen, passes through

diaphragm

- Empties into RA

Front 95

Basic Heart Function : Right Side

Back 95

- Collects used deoxygenated blood from the body

- Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs to receive oxygen

Front 96

Basic Heart Function : Left Side

Back 96

- Collects oxygenated blood that returns from the lungs

- Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Front 97

Supraphrenic Organs

Back 97

Above Diaphragm

Front 98

Subphrenic Organs

Back 98

Below Diaphragm

Front 99

Coronary Circulation

Back 99

Provides continuous supply of oxygen & nutrients to myocardium and removal of carbon dioxide & waste from myocardium

Front 100

Coronary Arteries

Back 100

Branch directly off aortic trunk at base od aorta

Front 101

Right Coronary Artery supplies :

Back 101

- RA

- RV

- IVS

- SA node & AV node

Front 102

Major Branches of the Right Coronary Artery

Back 102

- Right Marginal

- Posterior Descending

Front 103

Left Coronary Artery supplies

Back 103

- IVS

- AV bundles

- Most of LV

- LA

Front 104

Major branches of Left Coronary Artery

Back 104

- Circumflex

- Left Anterior Descending

Front 105

Coronary / Cardiac Valves

Back 105

remove waste and carbon dioxide from myocardium

Front 106

Coronary Sinus

Back 106

- Wide venous channel, carries most of venous blood from myocardium

- Drains into RA

Front 107

Main branches of Coronary Sinus :

Back 107

- Great cardiac vein

- Right cardiac vein (small cardiac vein)

-Middle cardiac vein (posterior cardiac vein)

- Left posterior ventricular vein

- Oblique vein of atrium

- Anterior cardiac veins

Front 108

Azygos Venous System

Back 108

-Provides collateral circulation between IVC & SVC

- Drains blood from posterior thoracic wall, bronchi, pericardium, and esophagus

Front 109

Azygos Vein

Back 109

Empties into IVC

Front 110

Hemiazygos Vein

Back 110

Joins azygos vein @ T8

Front 111

Thoracic Muscles

Back 111

- Intercostal muscles

- Serratus posterior/superior muscle

- Serratus posterior/inferior muscle

- Diaphragm

Front 112

Intercostal muscles

Back 112

fill spaces between ribs

Front 113

Serratus posterior/superior muscle

Back 113

assists forced inspiration

Front 114

Serratus posterior/inferior muscle

Back 114

assists forced expiration

Front 115

Diaphragm

Back 115

-Dome-shaped

- Spans thoracic floor

- Major muscle for inspiration

Front 116

Openings in diaphragm

Back 116

- Aortic hiatus

- Caval hiatus

- Esophageal hiatus

Front 117

Aortic hiatus is the opening in the diaphragm for _________, _________, & ____________.

Back 117

-Aorta

-Azygos Vein

- Thoracic Duct

Front 118

Caval Hiatus is the opening in the diaphragm for _________ & ___________.

Back 118

- IVC

- Right phrenic nerve

Front 119

Esophageal Hiatus is the opening in the diaphragm for _________ & _________.

Back 119

-Esophagus

- Vagus nerve

Front 120

Function of breast / mammary glands

Back 120

to produce and secrete breast milk

Front 121

Breast / Mammary glands are modified sweat glands consisting of :

Back 121

-Fatty Tissue

- Glandular & fibrous/connective tissue

Front 122

3 tissue layers of breast / mammary glands

Back 122

- Subcutaneous layer

- Mammary layer

- Retromammary layer

Front 123

Subcutaneous layer of breast / mammary glands contains :

Back 123

skin & all subcutaneous fat

Front 124

Mammary layer of breast / mammary glands contains :

Back 124

glandular tissue & lactiferous ducts

Front 125

Retromammary layer of breast / mammary glands contains :

Back 125

muscle, deep connective tissue & fat

Front 126

Cooper's Ligament

Back 126

- Suspensory ligament

- Encloses fat lobules

- Extends from deep fascia to skin

- Provides support to glandular tissue

Front 127

Tail of Spence

Back 127

- AKA : Axillary Tail

- Glandular tissue that extends into the axilla

Front 128

Axillary lymph nodes

Back 128

Drain lymphatic from breast, arm & portions of the back