The Nerovous System: The Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerve

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CEO (Chief Executive officer)

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The brain

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effectors

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Carry out appropriate actions

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The Central Nervous System

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The brain and spinal cord

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The Peripheral Nervous System

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Cranial nerves and Spinal Nerves

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Cranial nerves

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Carry Impulses to and from the brain

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Effectors are either muscles or

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Glands

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PNS system is either Voluntary or

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Involuntary

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The Somatic Nervous System

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Is voluntarily and it's effectors are Skeletal muscle

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The Autonomic nervous system (ANS) aka Visceral nervous system

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Involuntary. It's effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

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Neurons

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Is a highly specialized cell

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Structure of a neuron

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You have the Cell body, contains a nucleus and other organelles. Neurons have long thread like fibers that extend out from the cell body and carry impulses across the cell.

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Two kind of fibers that extend from a neuron cell body

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Dendrites and axons

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Dendrites

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Neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body. Branched and tree like. Function as receptors in the nervous system. receive a stimulus that begins a neural pathway.

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axons

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Neuron fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body. These impulses may be delivered to another neuron, to a muscle or gland. The ending is branched

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The Myelin Sheath (PNS)

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Some axons are covered with a fatty material. It insulates and protects the fiber. This covering is formed by Schwann cells

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Schwann cells

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Wrap around the axon like a jelly roll depositing layers of myelin.

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When sheath is complete the small spaces are called?

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Nodes that speed up the nerves impulse.

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Schwann cell putter most layer

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Is the nurilemma

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Nurilemma

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Some PNS nerves repair themselves when injured.

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Myelinated axons are called

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White fibers and are found in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Grey matter is not covered with myelin

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Sensory neurons(afferent neurons)

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Conduct impulses to the spinal cord and the Brain

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Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

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Carry impulses from the Cns to muscles and glands. Effectors

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Interneurons aka central or association neurons

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Relay information from place to place. For example in addition to immediate withdrawal from pain , impulses travel to other parts of the CNS to help retain balance as you withdraw your hand or to help you learn to avoid sharp objects

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The nerve impulse. The resting state

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At rest inside the membrane is negative as compared with the outside . It is called polarized

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Leak channels

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The plasma membrane uses active transport . Diffuses across the membrane in small amounts to maintain levels

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Action potential

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The sudden electrical change at the membrane

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Depolarization

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NA+ positive flow inside membrane making them membrane less negative. Reducing membrane potential.

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Replorization

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It's when K+ channels open to allow K+ to leave the cell.as the electrical charge returns to resting value, the membrane undergoes !

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Saltatory conduction

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Impulse from node to node

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Presynaptic cell

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Transmission from the axon of a cell. When a nerve impulse travels and reached the end of a pre synaptic cell. Vesicles fuse with membranes and release there neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft .

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Post synaptic

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After axon impulse travels to the dendrite of another cell.

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Receptors

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Specific sites ready to pick up and respond to specific nerutransmitters

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Cauda equina

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Nerves that arise near the end of the cord travel in a group. Together these nerves resemble a hoarse tail

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sensory neuron

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Transmits impulses towards the C&S

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Motor neuron

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Cares impulses away from the C&S

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Effector

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muscle or gland outside of the CNS that carries out a response

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Sympathetic nervous system

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Originate in the spinal cord with cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions. stimulates the fight or flight

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Sympathetic chains

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Two cord like strands of ganglia that extend along either side of the spinal column. From lower neck to abdominal region

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Collateral ganglia three

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Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric

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Celiac ganglion

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Sends fibers to the digestive tracts

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Superior mesenteric

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Sends fibers to the large and small intestines

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Inferior mesenteric

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Sends fibers to the distal large intestine and organs of the urinary and reproductive system

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Adrenergic (post ganglionic)

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Activated by adrenaline

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Dorsal root

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Has a swelling of grey matter called dorsal root ganglion

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Ganglion

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Collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS

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Fibers from sensory receptors throughout the body lead to

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Dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglion

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Ventral

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Contains motor fibers that supply muscles and glands..

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Ventral gray matter (horns)

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Motor fibers are located here

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Cervical plexus

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Supplies motor impulses to neck muscles

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Brachial plexus

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Sends numerous branches to the shoulder, arm, forearm

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Lumbosacral plexus

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Supplies nerves to pelvis and legs

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Receptor

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The end of a dendrite or some specialized receptor cell