The Back And Spinal Cord

Front 1

What two components make up the vertebral joint?

Back 1

the vertebrae and the Intervertebral disc

Front 2

What type of cartilage is present on the articulating surface of the body of a vertebrae?

Back 2

hylaine cartilage

Front 3

What facets does the articulation on one vertebrae with another involve in the facet joint/Zygapophysial?

Back 3

the inferior articulate facet of the vertebrae above with the superior articulate facet of the vertebrae below

Front 4

What type of joint is the facet joint?

Back 4

synovial joint

Front 5

What are the two parts of the intervertebral disc?

Back 5

nucleus pulposus: gelatinous mass, remnant of notochord and resists compression

annulus fibrosus (around outside): resists rotation and made of fibrocartilage

Front 6

what joins the vertebrae together beside the facet joint?

Back 6

the intervertebral discs

Front 7

Where is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Back 7

between the occipital bone and the atlas

Front 8

what are the two deep ligaments of the atlanto-occipital joint?

Back 8

Apical ligament (odontoid to occipital bone)

Alar ligament (odontoid process to occipital condyle)

Front 9

What are the superficial ligaments of the atlanto-occipital joint?

Back 9

the cruciform ligament (+ like shape)

vertical fibres (occipital bone to C2)

horizontal fibres (form the transverse ligament of the atlas)

Front 10

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Back 10

connects vertebral bodies and IV discs, sacrum to C1 vertebra and occipital bone

stabalises and limits extension

strong

Front 11

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?

Back 11

behind the IV disc

Front 12

what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Back 12

connects IV discs and vertebral bodies, sacrum to C2

prevents hyperflexion and disc herniation

weak

Front 13

Where is the ligamentum flavum located?

Back 13

between the vertebrae connecting the laminae together

Front 14

what is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

Back 14

elastic, resist extension and maintain curvature

Front 15

Where is the supraspinous ligament located in the vertebrae?

Back 15

extends from the spinous process (most posterior) and supports the upright head

Front 16

Where is the interspinous ligament located in the vertebrae?

Back 16

connects the spinous process of adjacent vertebrae, limits spinal flexion

Front 17

What is the blood supply of the vertebrae?

Back 17

equatorial branches (on edges of vertebrae body)

periosteal branches

nutrient arteries (onto body of vertebrae)

Front 18

What is the blood supply of the cervical vertebrae?

Back 18

vertebral arteries, ascending cervical arteries and deep cervial arteries

Front 19

what is the blood supply of the thoracic vertebrae?

Back 19

posterior intercostal arteries

Front 20

what is the blood supply of the lumbar vertebrae?

Back 20

subcostal arteries and lumbar arteries

Front 21

what is the blood supply of the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae?

Back 21

iliolumbar arteries, lateral and medial sacral arteries

Front 22

Which arteries that supply the spinal cord DO anastomose?

Back 22

the segmental medullary arteries

Front 23

What spinal cord artery supplies the roots and covering of every spinal nerve?

Back 23

the radicular arteries

Front 24

What do the segmental medullary arteries do?

Back 24

fortify spinal cord blood supply and anastomose and occur irregularly

Front 25

The anterior spinal artery is formed from a branch of each of the ________ arteries.

Back 25

vertebral

Front 26

The posterior spinal arteries are formed from a branch of ____________ artery.

Back 26

the corresponding vertebral artery

Front 27

how many veins are there anterior and posterior to the spinal cord?

Back 27

3 anterior spinal veins

3 posterior spinal veins

Front 28

what do the spinal veins drain into?

Back 28

into the internal vertebral venous plexus

segmental spinal veins

major systemic veins

azygous (systemic circualtion)

Front 29

the supraspinous ligament is continuous with which ligament?

Back 29

the nuchal ligament

Front 30

where does the internal vertebral venous plexus lie?

Back 30

in the epidural space

Front 31

how many vertebrae are in each of the sections of the vertebrae column?

Back 31

33 in total:

7-cervical

12- thoracic

5-lumbar

5-sacral (fused)

3-4-coccygeal (fused)

Front 32

there are two curvatures in the spine which is the convex and which is the concave one?

Back 32

convex: secondary curvature (anterior)

concace: primary curvature (posterior)

Front 33

label: transverse process, lamina, spinous process, inferior artciular notch, pedicle

Back 33

Front 34

ATLAS

label anterior tubercle, fovea antis, articular facets, posterior tubercle, transverse foramen

Back 34

Front 35

on the atlas what does the superior articular facet articulate with?

Back 35

occipital bone, allows you to nod(atlanto-occipital joint)

Front 36

does the atlas have a spinous process?

Back 36

nO! it has a posterior tubercle instead

Front 37

what are the conditions lordosis and kyphosis associated with?

Back 37

lordosis: secondary curvature: wasyback appearnace

kyposis: hunchback appearance (primary curvature)

Front 38

what is a hangman's fracture?

Back 38

when the pedicle breaks

Front 39

what vertebrae has a dens?

Back 39

axis

Front 40

what vertebrae is this?

Back 40

axis

Front 41

label this bone

what level is this at?

Back 41

1) transverse foramen

2) body

3) dens

4) superior articular surface

5) lamina

6) spinous process

C2

Front 42

What vertebrae is this?

how can you tell?

Back 42

-triangle vertebral foramen

-small and broad vertebral body

-short transverse process

-short bifid (split) hw, horizontal spinous process

-transverse foramens

Front 43

what level is the vertebral prominens?

Back 43

C7 long spinous process, palpable

Front 44

what does the cervical rib that grows out the vertebral prominens (C7) compress?

Back 44

subclavian artery, subclavian vein, brachial plexus

-thoracic outlet syndrome (weak, numb and tingly in upper limb)

Front 45

What vertbebrae is this?

how can you tell?

Back 45

thoracic

-medium and heart shaped vertebral body

-circular vertebral foramen

-long and strong transverse process

-long and DOWNWARD facing spinous process

Front 46

what does the inferior and costal facet and the transverse costal facet articulate with?

Back 46

inferior and costal facet=head of ribs

transverse costal facets=tubercle of rib

Front 47

What vertebrae is this and how do you know?

Back 47

Lumbar

large vertebral body

long slender and horizontal transverse process

short, thick and horizontal spinous process

vertebral foramen is triangular

Front 48

why do the thoracic vertebrae have well marked transverse process?

Back 48

ribs attatch to them

Front 49

where does the spinal cord begin?

Back 49

continuation of medulla oblongata

Front 50

when does the spinal cord end?

Back 50

at conus medullaris T12-L3

Front 51

where are the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements?

Back 51

cervical: C4-T1

Lumbosacral: L1-S3

Front 52

what is the caudal equine?

Back 52

bundle of nerve roots running through lumbar cistern 'horse tail'

Front 53

what is the lumbar cistern?

Back 53

the caudal equine runs through it, with CSF

a sub-arachnoid space enlargement

Front 54

what is the film terminale?

Back 54

inferior end of conus medullaris

consists of pia mater

includes: neural tissue, connective tissue, neurological tissue

layers of arachnoid and dura mater

penetrates dural sac and passes through sacral hiatus

attaches to coccyx and dural sac

Front 55

There are anterior and posterior roots of spinal nerves what are the difference between the anterior and posterior roots?

Back 55

posterior: afferent skin fibres-SENSORY

anterior: efferent from SkM-MOTOR

Front 56

where are the cell bodies for the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves?

Back 56

ant: anterior horns of grey matter

post: spinal ganglia

Front 57

what do the posterior and anterior roots of the spinal nerves innervate?

Back 57

post: skin and deep muscles of back

ant: limbs and rest of trunk

Front 58

what are the 3 layers of the meningeal coverings of the spinal card?

Back 58

PIA MATER

ARACHNOID MATER

DURA MATER

protect the spinal cord

Front 59

what is the pia mater a continue as?

Back 59

filum terminale

Front 60

the spinal arachnoid mater lines the ____ ____ and encloses the __________ space. It is held against inner surface of dura by ____ Pressure.

Back 60

the spinal arachnoid mater lines the dural sac and encloses the sub-arachnoid space. It is held against inner surface of dura by CSF Pressure.

Front 61

what is the spinal dura mater coniunous with?

Back 61

cranial dura mater

Front 62

what anchors the spinal dural mater to the coccyx?

Back 62

filum terminale

Front 63

what are the denticulate ligaments?

Back 63

suspend spinal cord in dural sac

extend midway between posterior and anterior nerve roots

Front 64

what is the extradural (epidural) space?

Back 64

wall of vertebral canal to dura matter

contains: fat, internal vertebral venous plexus

Front 65

where is the sub-arachnoid space and what does it contain?

Back 65

arachnoid to pia mater

contents: CSF, arachnoid trabeculae, radicular, segmental, medullary and spinal arteries and veins

Front 66

where is a lumbar spinal puncture done?

Back 66

L3/L4, obtain CSF sample from sub-arachnoid space

pt. lies forward on side with back flexed, spreads laminae and spinous processes

Front 67

what movements can the cervical spine do?

Back 67

flexion, extensiom, lateral flexion and roatation,

extremely flexible

IVDs and ZPJs relatively large

Front 68

what movements can the thoracic spine do?

Back 68

roation, IVDS extremely thin

Front 69

What movements can the lumbar spine do?

Back 69

flexion, extension and lateral flexion

high flexibility (especilally extension)

large IVDs, interlocking articular processes prevent rotation

Front 70

what are the extrinsic muscles of the back?

Back 70

superficial: traps, lattissmus dorsi, rhomboids (attach and move upper limb)

intermediate: serratus post. sup. inf. (respiratory and proprioception ) innervated by ant. rami

Front 71

what are the intrinsic muscles of the back?

Back 71

superficial: spinotransversalis movement of spine

intermediate: erector spinae movement of spine

deep: transcersospinales stability and movement of spine

innervated by posterior rami

Front 72

what are the two muscles that make up the spinotranversalis (superficial intrinsic back muscle)?

Back 72

splenius capitis (Spinous processes to occipital bone)

spelnium cervicalis (spinous processes to transverse process C1-C3)

action:

alone: laterally flex

together: extend head and neck

Front 73

what are the 3 muscles that make up the erector spinae (intermediate intrinsic back muscle)?

Back 73

all arise from iliac crest, sacrum spinous process

lateral: ilicostalis (to lower ribs and cervival t.p's)

longissimus (toracic and cervical t.p's +mastoid)

medial: spinalis (thoracic t.p's and cranium)

action:

bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column

Front 74

what are the three muscles that make up the transversospinales (deep intrinsic back muscle)?

Back 74

t.p's to superior s.p's

semispinalis: 4-6 vertebrae

multufundus: 2-3 vertebrae

rotatores: 1-2 vertebrae

action: proprioception, stabilisaiton, rotation and extension

Front 75

what is the difference between a sprain and a strain?

Back 75

sprain: injury to the ligament (caused by excessive rotation or extension)

strain: injury to the muscle itself (esp. lumbar erector spinae)

often caused by heavy lifting