"the Human Species" - Intro To Biological Anthropology Ch. 2

Front 1

Mendelian Genetics (H)

Back 1

The branch of genetics concerned with patterns and processes of inheritance. (H)

Hint 1

(AKA) Human Genetics

Front 2

Microevolution (H)

Back 2

Short-term evolutionary change. (H)

Hint 2

-From one generation to the next.

Front 3

Macroevolution (H)

Back 3

Long-term evolutionary change. (H)

Hint 3

-Over thousands and millions of years.

Front 4

DNA

Back 4

The Molecule that provides the genetic code for biological structures and the means to translate this code

Front 5

Base (H)

Back 5

Chemical units that make up part of the DNA molecule and specifically genetic instructions. (H)

Hint 5

A-T G-C
(Ladder)

Front 6

RNA

Back 6

The molecule that functions to carry out the instructions for protein synthesis specified by the DNA molecule.

Front 7

Messenger RNA

Back 7

The form of RNA that transports the genetic instructions from the DNA molecule to the site of protein synthesis

Front 8

Transfer RNA

Back 8

A free floating molecule that is attracted to a strand of Messenger RNA, resulting in the synthesis of a protein chain.

Front 9

Chromosome

Back 9

A long strand of DNA sequences.

Front 10

Gene

Back 10

A DNA sequence that codes for a functional polypeptide (a compound containing many amino acids)or RNA product(simply a section of DNA that has an identifiable function).

Front 11

Hemoglobin (H)

Back 11

The molecule in blood cells that transports Oxygen. (H)

Hint 11

oxygen

Front 12

Exon (H)

Back 12

A section of DNA that DOES code for the amino acids that make up proteins. (H)

Hint 12

-The opposite of an Intron

Front 13

Intron (H)

Back 13

A section of DNA that does NOT code for the amino acids that make up proteins. (H)

Hint 13

-The Opposite of an Exon

Front 14

Regulatory Gene (H)

Back 14

Gene that codes for the regulation of biological processes such as growth and developement. (H)

Hint 14

-turn other genes ON or OFF at the appropriate times.

Ex. Puberty

Front 15

Homeobox Genes

Back 15

A group of regulatory genes that encode a sequence of 60 amino acids regulating Embrionic Development

Front 16

Mitosis (H)

Back 16

The process of replication of chromosomes in body cells. (H)

Hint 16

-First, Chromosomes duplicate themselves
-Then, the cell divides or splits

-When finished there are two Cells with full sets of chromosomes

Front 17

Meiosis (H)

Back 17

The creation of sex cells by replication of chromosomes followed by cell division.
(H)

Hint 17

-First, chromosomes duplicate themselves
-Then, the cell divides
-And divides again without duplicating

Front 18

Genome (H)

Back 18

The total DNA sequence of an organism. (H)

Hint 18

-Approximately 3 billion base pairs in length.

Front 19

Locus (plural Loci)

Back 19

The specific position of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome.

Front 20

Allele (H)

Back 20

The alternative form of a gene or DNA sequence that occurs at a given locus. They appear in pairs, one on each chromosome. (H)

Hint 20

ABO blood type system where there are three of these.
A, B, and O

Front 21

Mendel's Law of Segrigation

Back 21

Sex cells contain one of each pair of alleles. One from the father and one from the mother.

Front 22

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Back 22

The segrigation of any pair of chromosomes does NOT affect the probability of segregation for other pairs of chromosomes.

Front 23

Genotype (H)

Back 23

The genetic endowment of an individual from the two alleles present at a given locus.(H)

Hint 23

The genetic make-up that you inherit from your parents.

Front 24

Homozygous (H)

Back 24

Both alleles at a given locus are identical. (H)

Hint 24

AA not Aa

Front 25

Heterozygous (H)

Back 25

The two alleles at a given locus are different. (H)

Hint 25

Aa not AA

Front 26

Phenotype (H)

Back 26

The Observable appearance of a given genotype in the organism. (H)

Hint 26

Physical attributes that you inherit from your parents.

Front 27

Dominant Allele (H)

Back 27

An allele that masks the effect of the other allele in a heterozygous genotype. (H)

Hint 27

In "Aa" this allele is the "A"

Front 28

Recessive Allele (H)

Back 28

An allele whose effect is masked by the other allele in a heterozygous genotype. (H)

Hint 28

In "Aa" this allele is the "a"

Front 29

Codominant (H)

Back 29

Both alleles affect the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype, and neither is dominant over the other. (H)

Hint 29

"MN" Blood group.

Front 30

Linkage (H)

Back 30

Alleles on the same chromosome are inherited together. (H)

Hint 30

-Having to do with Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

-Un-independent alleles

Front 31

Crossing Over (H)

Back 31

The exchange of DNA between chromosomes during meiosis. (H)

Hint 31

Describes the process of exchange

Front 32

Recombination (H)

Back 32

The production of new combinations of DNA sequences caused by exchanges of DNA during meiosis. (H)

Hint 32

The result of the process of exchange

Front 33

Polygenic (H)

Back 33

A complex genetic trait affected by two or more loci.

When several loci act to control a trait, many different genotypes and phenotypes may result. (H)

Hint 33

A number of physical characteristics, such as human skin color and height, may be --------

Front 34

Pleiotropy (H)

Back 34

A single allele that has multiple effects on an organism. (H)

Hint 34

In Humans the sickle cell allele affects the structure of the blood's Hemoglobin and also leads to changes in overall Body Growth and Health

Front 35

Heritability (H)

Back 35

The proportion of total variation of a trait due to genetic variation. (H)

Hint 35

What is passed on to you, by your parents

Front 36

Major Genes (H)

Back 36

Genes that have the primary effect on the phenotypic distribution of a complex trait. (H)

Hint 36

primary genes

Front 37

Mutation (H)

Back 37

A mechanism for evolutionary change resulting from random change in the genetic code. (H)

Hint 37

The ultimate source of all genetic variation.

Front 38

Sickle Cell Allele (H)

Back 38

An Allele of the hemoglobin locus. (H)

Hint 38

Individuals homozygous for this allele have Sickle Cell Anemia.

Front 39

Monosomy (H)

Back 39

A condition in which one chromosome, rather than a pair, is present in body cells. (H)

Hint 39

A lost chromosome
-Turner's Syndrome

Front 40

Trisomy (H)

Back 40

A condition in which three chromosomes rather than a pair occur in body cells. (H)

Hint 40

Has an extra chromosome.
-Down Syndrome
-Kline-felter's Syndrome