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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Voltaire
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Pseudonym of French philosopher and satirist Francois Marie Arouet, who championed the cause of human dignity against state and church oppression. Noted Deist and author of Candide.
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The Encyclopedia
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Joint venture of French philosophe writers, helmed by Denis Diderot (1713-1784) which proposed to summarize all modern knowledge.
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Adam Smith
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(1723-1790)Scottish economist who proposed that individual self-interest naturally promoted a healthy national economy.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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(1718-1778)Radical political theorist whose The Social Contract attacked privilege and inequality.
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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
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Noted work of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), English republican who applied Enlightenment political ideas to issues of gender
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salons
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Informal gatherings of intellectuals and aristocrats that allowed the discourse of Enlightenment ideas.
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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(1756-1791)Austrian child prodigy and composer of instrumental music and operas.
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The elite or "high" culture of the eighteenth century:
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was organized around salons, learned societies, and academies
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Which thinker was a philosopher rather than a philosophe?
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Kant
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Most Enlightenment thinkers condemned slavery because it:
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-defied natural law and natural freedom
-debased humanity in general -corrupted its victims and destroyed their natural love of liberty |
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According to Cesare Beccaria:
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the only rationale for punishment was to maintain the social order and prevent crimes
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Voltaire admired the British for their:
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-religious toleration
-political institutions -open-mindedness and empiricism |
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Voltaire involved himself in the Calas case because:
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it gave him the opportunity to voice his opinions on intolerance and fanaticism
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In general, the philosophes of the Enlightenment treated popular culture:
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with distrust and ignorance
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The single most popular new form of literature in the eighteenth century was:
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the novel
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Which philosophe quarreled with the other philosophes and was considered an "outsider"?
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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The religious outlook that saw God as the "divine clockmaker" was called?
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deism
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Raynal's massive history of European colonization showed the philosophes that:
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-natural simplicity was an antidote to cultural corruption
-good government required checks and balances -unlimited power in the new world meant despotism at home |
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Gotthold Lessing's play, Nathan the Wise, was intended to show that:
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Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three versions of the same truth
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Diderot's Encyclopedia:
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sought to change the general way of thinking
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Who was known as "the father of the symphony"?
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Haydn
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The Italian philosopher of history, G. B. Vico:
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opposed almost everything the Enlightenment stood for
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The author of The Social Contract was:
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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In Emile, Rousseau argued that a better education for children would be to:
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give them moral autonomy and make them good citizens
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Who was the greatest operatic composer of the Classical era?
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Mozart
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Voltaire's famous battle cry, écrasez l'infime, meant:
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one must wipe out all forms of repression, fanaticism, and bigotry
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Which of the forms of government did Montesquieu not directly consider in The Spirit of the Laws?
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democracy
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The "Holy Trinity" of the eighteenth-century philosophes consisted of:
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Bacon, Locke, and Newton
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The author of Pride and Prejudice and Emma was:
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Jane Austen
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Some of the statements about women by Mary Wollstonecraft are
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-the relations between the sexes should be based on equality
-women have the same innate capacity for reason as do men -virtue ought to mean the same thing for both men and women |
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In French, the word philosophe meant:
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free thinker
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In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith suggested that:
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only the "invisible hand" of the marketplace ought to guide economic activity
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The Enlightenment time period?
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1648–1789
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When does Kepler discovers first law of planetary motion?
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1605
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When does Galileo develops his first telescope?
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1609
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When does Thirty Years’ War begin?
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1618
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When does Grotius publish On the Law of War and Peace?
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1625
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When does Pope prosecutes Galileo for promoting sun-centered theory of the solar system
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1633
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When does Thirty Years’ War end?
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1648
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When does Newton publish Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
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1687
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Galileo
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Italian astronomer who supported the sun-centered Copernican model of the solar system, angering the Catholic Church
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Kepler
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German astronomer who discovered laws of planetary motion
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Bacon
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English scholar who developed inductive method of reasoning
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Descartes
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French mathematician and philosopher who revolutionized algebra and geometry, developed deductive method
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Newton
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English mathematician and physicist who formulated fundamental laws of gravity and motion
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What were the Enlightenment advances to Religion?
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New theology entitled: Physic theology
Seek to understand the world through logic Remove mysticism No more miracles Ended superstitions |
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What was life before the Enlightenment like?
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Absolute monarchy
Prison for life Church centered -Original sin -Religious warfare -Church and state were linked Most Europeans’ daily lives were consumed with survival |
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What was the old idea on government?
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A monarch’s rule is justified by divine right
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What was the new idea on government?
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A government’s power comes from the consent of the governed
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Thomas Hobbes
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1588-1679
English philosopher Author of Leviathan (1651) Believed that all humans were: -Evil -Greedy -Selfish |
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Social contract
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Humans are selfish and competitive
If left alone, they would constantly fight Social Contract Give up individual rights in exchange for law and order Only leader capable of enforcing the contract? A strong monarchy A monarch is like a powerful leviathan |
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John Locke
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1632-1704
English philosopher Wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690) Influenced Thomas Jefferson w/ the Declaration of Independence Influenced democracy and western thought |
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what was Locke's view on government?
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Did not agree with the idea of “Divine Right”
Governments need the “consent of the governed” |
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What type of government did Locke suggest?
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Believed that democracy was best
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What rights did Locke believe people had?
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Life
Liberty Property |
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What should happen to the government if the rights of the people were not protected according to Locke?
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Governments SHOULD be overthrown if these rights are not protected
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List some political views of Locke
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Slavery was wrong
Disagreed with Hobbes about man being evil All religions should be accepted by governments Women should be equal |
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Who were the Philosophes?
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Some French guys who were seen as “social critics” of the period
Believed reason could be applied to all aspects of life |
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What were the 5 core beliefs of the Philosophes?
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Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty
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Francois Marie Arouet AKA Voltaire
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Satirist
Attacked the clergy, aristocracy and government |
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Baron de Montesquieu
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1689-1755
French writer Wrote On the Spirit of Laws (1748) Used Scientific Method: Found a social and political relationship between humans Believed in 3 branches of government checks and balances |
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What did Voltaire fight for?
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Religious toleration
Free speech Tolerance Reason |
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Voltaire's Famous quote
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“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it!”
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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1712-1778
Different from Hobbes’ view Hobbes: Agreement b/w society and government Rousseau: agreement b/w free people Believed in direct democracy Broader participation than Locke |
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The Social Contract
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract (1762)
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau famous quote
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“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”
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How did lifestyle change after the Enlightenment?
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Life became more pleasant:
knowledge for knowledge’s sake happiness is alright other personal freedoms |
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How did religion change due to Enlightenment?
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Church
Small role in the government tabula rasa More religious toleration |
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What were some Enlightenment concerns?
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1. The danger of unchecked and arbitrary authority
2. The value of religious toleration 3. The importance of law, reason, and human dignity |
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What was Kant's famous quote
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"Dare to know!"
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Basic characteristics of the enlightenment.
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1. The power of human reason
2. Self-confidence 3. Newtonian methods had wide application 4. Reason needed autonomy and freedom 5. Criticism and satire |
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The "Holy Trinity"?
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Bacon, Newton, and Locke
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Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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(1690)
i. Education and environment ii. Sense perception and the tabula rasa iii. The goodness and perfectibility of humanity iv. Moral improvement and social progress |
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What was The "cultural project" of the Enlightenment?
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a. Practical, applied knowledge
b. Spreading knowledge and free public discussion c. "To change the common way of thinking" (Diderot) d. Writing for a larger audience e. The expansion of literacy f. The first "public sphere" |
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Who was the philosophe?
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A free thinker unhampered by the constraints of religion or dogma in any form
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Voltaire
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(born François Marie Arouet, 1694–1778)
a. The personification of the Enlightenment |
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The life of Voltaire
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i. Educated by Jesuits
ii. Spent time in the Bastille for libel iii. Temporary exile in England iv. Great admirer and popularizer of all things English (especially Newton and Locke) |
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Famous quote of Voltaire?
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écrasez l'infâme—"crush infamy" (all forms of repression, fanaticism, and bigotry)
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What did Voltaire believe in?
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i. Loathed religious bigotry
ii. Did not oppose religion—sought to rescue morality from narrow dogma iii. Common sense and simplicity |
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Who did Voltaire have connections with?
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Contacts with Frederick of Prussia and Catherine the Great
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Baron de Montesquieu's life?
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(1689–1755)
a. Born of a noble family, inherited an estate b. Served as magistrate in the parlement of Bordeaux c. A cautious jurist |
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The Spirit of the Laws
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Written by Baron de Montesquieu in 1748
a. A work in comparative historical sociology b. Newtonian in its practical approach c. How do structures and institutions shape laws? e. Spelled out the dangerous drift toward despotism in France f. Admired the British system of separate and balanced powers |
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What is Despotism?
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Despotism is a form of government by a single authority, either an individual (Despot), or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute political power
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Three types of government mentioned by Baron de Montesquieu
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i. Republic
ii. Monarchy iii. Despotism |
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What did Montesquieu want to introduce to the French government which he admired in the English?
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Checks and Balances
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Who guided the Encyclopedia?
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Guided by Denis Diderot (1713–1784) and Jean d'Alembert (1717–1783)
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What was the the Encyclopedia?
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1. A vast compendium of human knowledge
2. Grandest statement of the philosophes' goals 3. Scientific analysis applied to human reason |
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How many volumes were there of the Encyclopedia
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Seventeen large volumes of text, eleven volumes of illustrations (1751–1772)
a. Purpose was to change the general way of thinking b. Demonstrated how the application of science could promote progress c. Government revoked permission to publish for trying to "propagate materialism" (1759) d. Heavy circulation despite the high price |
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What happened during the "party of humanity"
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1. French books widely distributed and read
2. international movement of ideas |
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What were 2 main Enlightenment themes?
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humanitarianism and tolerance
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Who wrote On Crimes and Punishments and what did it cover?
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Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794)
i. General themes: arbitrary power, reason, and human dignity ii. Attacked the view that punishment represented society's vengeance on the criminal iii. Legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain social order, prevent other crimes iv. Opposed torture and the death penalty |
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What religion were post philosophes?
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Most philosophes were deists—God as "divine clockmaker"
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How did most philosophes view Judaism and Islam?
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Most philosophes viewed Judaism and Islam as backward
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Gotthold Lessing
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Gotthold Lessing (1729–1781)
i. Treated Jews sympathetically ii. Nathan the Wise (1779) iii. Three great monotheistic religions are three versions of the same truth |
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Who was Moses Mendelssohn
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Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786)
i. On the Religious Authority of Judaism (1783) ii. Defended Jewish communities against anti-Semitic policies |
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Who wrote Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?
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Adam Smith (1723–1790)
i. Disagreed with the centrality of agriculture ii. Central issue was the productivity of human labor iii. Mercantile restrictions did not create real economic health iv. The "invisible hand" of the marketplace v. v. Rational individuals should pursue their interests rationally vi. Following the "obvious and simple system of natural liberty" |
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Who wrote Philosophical History . . . of Europeans in the Two Indies (1770)?
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Abbé Guillaume Thomas Francois Raynal
a. A total history of colonization, natural history, exploration, and commerce b. Industry and trade brought improvement and progress c. Condemned the Spanish in Mexico and Peru, the Portuguese in Brazil, the English in North America d. A good government required checks and balances e. The problem? Europeans in the New World had unlimited power |
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Philosophes view on slavery?
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2. For Raynal and Diderot, slavery defied natural law and natural freedom
3. A condemnation of slavery in a metaphorical sense 4. Slavery as a violation of self-government 5. Few philosophes advocated the total abolition of slavery |
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Louis-Anne de Bougainville
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Bougainville (1729–1811)
a. Sent by the French government to the South Pacific in 1767 b. Looked for a new route to China and new spices c. Described Tahiti |
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Captain James Cook
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(1728–1779)
a. Three trips to the South Pacific |
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Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville
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Diderot (1772)
a. Tahitians as original human beings b. Humanity in its natural state c. Uninhibited sexuality and freedom from religious dogma d. Simplicity versus overcivilized Europeans |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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(1712–1778)
1. Quarreled with and contradicted other philosophes 2. Attacked privilege and believed in the goodness of humanity 3. Introduced the notion of "sensibility" (the cult of feeling) 4. The first to speak of popular sovereignty and democracy 5. The most utopian of the philosophes |
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The Social Contract
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(1762)
1. "Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains" 2. The origins of government 3. The legitimacy of government 4. Social inequality and private property |
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According to the Social Contract . Legitimate authority arises from ...
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. Legitimate authority arises from the people alone
a. Sovereignty should not be divided among different branches of the government b. Exercising sovereignty transformed the nation c. The national community would be united by the "general will" |
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Emile
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(1762)
1. Story of a boy educated in the "school of nature" 2. Children should not be forced to reason early in life 3. The aim was moral autonomy and good citizenship 4. Women useful as mothers and wives only 5. "Natural" is better, simpler, uncorrupted |
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Questions about gender during the enlightenment were?
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1. Education as key to social progress—education for all?
2. Were men and women different? 3. Were gender differences natural, or socially created? |
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Wollstonecraft
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(1759–1797)
1. Rousseau's sharpest critic |
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. A Vindication of the Rights of Women
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(1792) by Wollstonecraft
a. Republican ideas b. Spoke against inequality and artificial distinctions of rank, birth, or wealth c. Society ought to seek "the perfection of our nature and capability of happiness" d. Women had the same innate capacity for reason and self-government as men e. Virtue the same thing for men and women f. Relations between the sexes ought to be based on equality |
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Issues with the family discussed during Enlightenment?
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The family
a. The legal inequalities of marriage law b. Women taught to be dependent and seductive in order to win husbands c. Education has to promote liberty and self-reliance |
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The book trade during eighteenth century?
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1. The expansion of printing and print culture
2. An international and clandestine book trade 3. Growth of daily newspapers 4. Censorship only made books more expensive 5. "Philosophical books"—subversive literature of all kinds 6. The eighteenth-century literary underground |
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What was the High culture, new elites, and the "public sphere"?
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1. Networks of readers and new forms of sociability and discussion
2. Elite or high culture was small but cosmopolitan 3. Joined together members of the nobility and wealthy members of the middle classes |
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What were the "Learned societies"?
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a. Organized intellectual life outside universities
b. Provided libraries, meeting places for discussion, published journals |
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Where did the elites meet to discuss topics?
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Elites also met in academies
a. Royal Society of London b. French Academy of Literature c. Berlin Royal Academy d. Fostered a sense of common purpose and seriousness |
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What were salons?
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. Salons
1. Organized by well-connected and learned aristocratic women 2. Brought together men and women of letters with members of the aristocracy |
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What other places did people meet other than salons?
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a. Masonic Lodges
b. Coffeehouses—aided the circulation of new ideas |
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Middle-class culture and reading
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1. Shopkeepers, small merchants, lawyers, and professionals —a different reading public
2. Bought and borrowed books 3. Targeted middle-class women 4. Popularized Enlightenment treatises on education and the mind 5. Popularity of the novel |
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Jane Austen
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Jane Austen (1775–1817)—Pride and Prejudice and Emma
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Literacy during 18th century?
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a. Varied by gender, class, and location
b. Greater literacy in northern Europe c. Ran high in towns and cities |
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What were the blue books?
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The blue books—inexpensive, small paperbacks
a. Traditional popular literature b. Short catechisms c. Tales of miracles d. The lives of saints |
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How did the philosophes view the "popular culture"?
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Looked at popular culture with distrust and ignorance
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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(1685–1750)
i. Remained a German provincial his entire life ii. A church musician at Leipzig iii. Supplied music for Sunday and holiday services iv. An ardent Protestant, unaffected by the secularism of the Enlightenment |
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George Frederick Handel
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(1685–1759)
i. Public-pleasing cosmopolitan ii. Established himself in London iii. The oratorio—musical drama to be performed in concert |
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What type of music did Bach and Handel follow?
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Baroque
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What type of music did Hayden and Mozart follow?
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a. The Classical style
b. Imitating classical principles of order, clarity, and symmetry |
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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(1756–1791)
i. Began composing at age four, a keyboard virtuoso at six ii. Wrote his first symphony at age nine iii. Attracted attention across Europe iv. Freemasonry v. Died relatively poor |
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Joseph Haydn
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(1732–1809)
i. Spent his life with a wealthy Austro-Hungarian family ii. Moved to London—commercial market for culture iii. The father of the symphony |
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Opera
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. A seventeenth-century creation
i. Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) ii. Combined music with theater |
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Christoph Willibald von Gluck
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(1714–1787)
i. Simplified arias, emphasized dramatic action ii. High entertainment for the French court |
